ENG523 Midterm Short Notes Set 2 by MAS All Rounder

FOR MORE VU DATA VISIT MY website: · ENG523 Midterm Short Notes · BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD · (MAS All Rounder)

linguistics anthropology linguistics anthropology for a group of people who use the same variety of a language and who share specific rules for speaking and for interpreting speech. It includes discourse communities and the range and varieties of languages that members of the speech community use to interact with each other. Defining a speech community there are some factors that make easier to define a speech community other than just language. Those are social, geographical, cultural, political and ethnic factors, race, age and gender. Discourse historical approach

Discourse analysis as a whole is the work of text grammarians, working mostly with written language. Text grammarians see texts as language elements pass into together in relationships with one another that can be defined. Linguists have made a significant impact in this area. Its most important contribution has been to show the links between grammar and discourse.

Functions of according to Halliday

Michael Halliday, the founder of systemic functional linguistics, calls these three functions the ideational, interpersonal, and textual. The ideational function is further divided into the experiential and logical.

Endophoric referencing divided into anaphoric, cataphoric, and esphoric respectively refers to the previously mentioned (preceding) information in text, information presented later in the text, the same nominal group or phrase following the presupposed item. (Halliday and Hasan 1976). There are also personal, demonstrative, and comparative references referring to speech situation noun pronouns like he, him or possessive determiners like mine and yours, this, here, there, then, same, equal, so, similarly, and otherwise

Anaphoric and cataphoric reference

In this sentence, he refers to Michael which will be treated as an anaphoric reference, and it refers to the bank which will also be treated as an anaphoric reference. In the above given examples, Michael and bank will be treated as cataphoric reference. Hence, an anaphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned earlier in the discourse, whereas a cataphoric reference occurs when a word or phrase refers to something mentioned later in the discourse.

The social and cultural context of genres an important stage in genre analysis, formerly, is an examination of the social and cultural context in which the genre is used. In the case of a written text, factors that might be considered Include:

The setting of the text The focus and perspective of the text. The purpose of the text The intended audience for the text, their role and purpose in reading the text The relationship between writers and readers of the text; expectations, conventions and requirements for the text

Function Word

A distinction is often made between grammar words and lexical words in language. This distinction also appears sometimes as function words versus content words, or empty words versus full words.

The communicative purpose of a genre, further, may evolve over time. It may change, it may expand or it may shrink (Swales 2004). Communicative purpose, further, can vary across cultures even when texts belong to the same genre category.

What is EAP?

English for Academic Purposes (EAP) is usually defined as teaching English with the aim of assisting learners' study or research in that language. In this sense it is a broad term, covering all areas of academic communicative practice such as pretertiary, undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, classroom interactions, academic publishing, and curriculum issues, as well as research, student and instructional genres systems of transitivity.

It has two components of logical and experiential functions.

In traditional grammar, transitivity was developed as the concept of transitive or intransitive verb (Halliday, 1976) whether the verb takes an object or not, but in SFL it functions to link grammar to the meta functions; however, in Halliday's terms, transitivity as a major component in experiential function of the clause deals with the "transmission of ideas “representing 'processes' or 'experiences': actions, events, processes of consciousness and relations" (1985). It is a semantic system to analyze representations of reality in a linguistic text and create the same experience through various lexicogrammatical options influenced by different mind styles or authorial ideology.

Fundamental of discursive

The study of discourse and gender is an interdisciplinary endeavor undertaken by scholars in linguistics, anthropology, communications, social psychology, education, literature, and other disciplines.

Discursive psychology is usefully understood as working with three fundamental observations about the nature of discourse. Discourse is: Oriented to action Situated sequentially, institutionally and rhetorically

Constructed and constructive

The three main approaches to the study of media discourse can be characterized as Discourse analytic

Sociolinguistic

Nonlinguistic

Traditionally, rhythm has been considered an important element in the teaching of spoken English.

This is probably due to two main factors. Firstly, there does seem to be rhythmically in varying degrees in long stretches of speech, especially carefully considered deliveries such as broadcast talks, fluent reading aloud, speeches and monologues, as well as some ordinary conversation. Secondly, the concept of English as a stress-timed language, deeply rooted in theoretical and applied linguistics, has dominated approaches to the teaching of rhythm.

criteria that contribute to the development of a good and workable research topic.

In her book Qualitative Methods in Sociolinguistics, Johnstone (2000) lists a number of criteria that contribute to the development of a good and workable research topic. In her case, she is talking about research in the area of sociolinguistics. What she says, however, applies equally to discourse analysis projects. These criteria include

A well-focused idea about spoken or written discourse that is expressed as a question or a set of closely related questions;

An understanding of how discourse analytic techniques can be used to answer the research question you are asking;

An understanding of why your question about spoken or written discourse are important in a wider context; that is, why answering the question will have practical value and/or be of interest to the world at large;

Familiarity with and access to the location where your discourse analysis project will be carried out;

Ability to get the discourse data that is needed for the research project;