ENG523 Midterm Solved Papers by Maha Malik

Q. Define the following Terms:

 Critical Discourse

An interdisciplinary approach to the study of language and communication that focuses on how language reproduces social inequalities, power relations, and ideologies.

 Coherent discourse

A text or communication that is logically connected, consistent, and easy to follow, with a clear meaning or message.

 Situational Context

The environment, circumstances, and social setting in which communication takes place, influencing the meaning and interpretation of language.

 Reference discourse

A term used in CDA to describe the dominant or standard language variety used in a particular context or community, often associated with power and prestige.

 Conversation Analysis

A methodology for studying social interactions, particularly conversations, to understand how people use language to create social order and meaning.

 Discourse community

A group of people who share a common language, values, and practices, often with a shared goal or interest, and who use language to construct and maintain their identity and relationships.

 Race/racism

Social constructs used to categorize people into groups based on physical characteristics, often leading to discrimination, prejudice, and inequality.

 spoken discourse

Language use in face-to-face interactions, such as conversations, meetings, and discussions.

 prejudice

A preconceived negative judgment or attitude towards a person or group, often based on stereotypes or biases.

 Expressive

A type of language function that expresses the speaker's feelings, emotions, or attitudes.

 Informative

A type of language function that conveys information, knowledge, or facts.

 Declarative

A type of sentence that states a fact or opinion, often used to make assertions or declarations.

 Narrative Discourse

A type of language use that tells a story or recounts an event or experience.

 Discourse analysis

A broad field of study that examines language use in social contexts to understand how language creates meaning and constructs social relationships.

 Adjacency pair

An adjacency pair is a unit of conversation that contains an exchange of one turn each by two speakers. The turns are functionally related to each other in such a fashion that the first turn requires a certain type or range of types of second turn.

 Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of meaning in relation to the context in which a person is speaking or writing. This includes social, situational and textual context. It also includes background knowledge context; that is, what people know about each other and about the world..

 Discourse speech act

A term used to describe the actions performed through language, such as making a request, giving an order, or offering an apology.

 Speech community

A group of people who share a common language or dialect, often with shared cultural and social norms.

Q. Five features write about religious by John Du Bois?

John Du Bois (1996) identified some of the features of Religious language:

•  Use of rituals
•  Archaic elements
•  Euphemism and metaphor
•  Semantic opacity
•  Unusual fluency
•  Magic words

Q. Defining speech community

Defining a speech community there are some factors that make easier to define a speech community other than just language. Those are social, geographical, cultural, political and ethnic factors, race, age and gender. Not all of speakers always be full members of particular speech communities. For example, is in the case of second language setting. For example, a speaker may participate, only to a certain degree, in the target speech community.

Q. Exchange context

An exchange is a sequence of discourse moves by at least two speakers that forms a topical (or sub topical unit). A minimal exchange comprises an initiating move plus a contribution by another speaker. There are two classes of exchanges; boundary exchanges and teaching exchanges (Sinclair and Coulthard, 1992, pg.25). Boundary exchanges contain two moves, framing and focusing moves. The only three principals of teaching exchanges described by Sinclair and Coulthard are informing, directing, and eliciting exchanges

Q. Differentiate between language ideologies and attitudes

Language ideologies and language attitudes are conceptual tools used to understand speakers' feelings and ideas about languages and linguistic forms. Both concepts recognize the importance of linguistic subjectivity in understanding language change, identity, and socioeconomic context. They share similarities in focusing on