ENG524 Final Term Past Papers Updated Jan 2026

ENG524

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

(03 Marks Questions)

Q. Define Context

Context refers to the circumstances surrounding a discourse, including the linguistic, situational, social, and cultural background that influences meaning and interpretation.

Q. Definition of ideology by Althusser

Althusser defined ideology as “representing the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence” which “has a material existence”.

Q. Define Conventional Implicature and Particularized Implicature

•  Conventional Implicature: These do not require specific context and are derived from the conventional meaning of words. Examples include ‘but’ (contrast), ‘even’ (unexpectedness), and ‘yet’ (future change).
•  Particularized Implicature: These depend on the context of the conversation. The meaning is inferred based on situational factors and relevance.

Q. Objectives of English-Urdu Newspapers

•  To explore the significance of headlines in discourse and society.
•  To investigate how headlines represent the same event differently.
•  To analyze how headlines influence ideological construction.
•  To identify linguistic similarities and differences among various newspapers.

Q. Three Important Areas of Media CDA Under Research

•  Structural conventions of media texts and language
•  Representation and normalization of ideologies in media
•  Sociological implications of media discourses, including capitalism, neoliberalism, and racism.

Q. How Ethnographic Discourse Analysis Contributes to CDA

Ethnographic discourse analysis provides a contextualized understanding of discourse by analyzing how language is used in specific social and cultural contexts. It helps in revealing power dynamics and ideological structures in discourse.

Q. The Discursive Study of Imran Khan’s Speech

A critical discourse analysis of Imran Khan’s 2013 election speech showed that:

•  He used ideologically loaded discourse.
•  His language strategically framed political objectives.
•  His speech contained repetition, positive self-representation, and negative other- representation.

Q. Foucault’s Theory of Power (in 4-5 lines)

Foucault’s theory of power suggests that power is not only centralized but also widely dispersed across social institutions and practices. It operates through discourse and knowledge, shaping individuals' behavior. Power is both restrictive and productive, influencing norms and selfregulation. Resistance and counter-resistance are inherent in power relations.

Q. Cook’s View on Advertising and CDA

Cook views advertising as a persuasive discourse that shapes consumer behavior and ideologies. CDA examines how advertisements use linguistic and visual strategies to create implicit meanings and influence public perceptions.

Q. Three Characteristics of Corpus Analysis

•  It involves analyzing large text corpora.
•  It uses computational tools to examine linguistic patterns.
•  It helps in identifying discourse trends over time.

Q. Four Analytical Types of Media Studies in CDA

•  Structural analysis of media language
•  Representation of social identities
•  Ideological functions of media discourse
•  Sociological implications of media messages

Q. Key Topics in Television and Discourse Studies

•  Representation of gender, race, and class
•  Ideological construction in news and entertainment
•  Media framing and audience interpretation

Q. Positioning and Subjectivity in Media Studies and CDA

Positioning refers to how individuals are placed within discourse, influencing their identity and perspectives. Subjectivity is the way media constructs individual identities through discourse, shaping public perceptions and ideological stances