PAK301 Glossary

 Evolutionary Process

Evolution is a process that brings changes in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.

 Political Supremacy

If one group of people has supremacy over another group, they have more political or military power than the other group.

 Ethnicity

Ethnicity has been defined as "the social group or ethnic group is a grouping of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups. Those characteristics can include a common language, diet, religion, ancestry and physical features traditionally associated with race".

 Dynasty

A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family. Especially in the context of monarchies or other forms of government where power is inherited within a specific family lineage.

 Constitutional Safeguards

Safeguard through law, rule, or measure intended to prevent someone or something from being harmed. Safeguarding constitutional rights: the uses and limits of prophylactic rules.

 Charismatic Leader

Charisma is a rare personal quality attributed to leaders who arouse fervent popular devotion and enthusiasm or personal magnetism or charm. Charismatic leader is a leader who possesses these traits and with the help of these qualities he inspires the masses to follow him and his strategy.

 Swaraj

The “Swaraj” means self-rule. Gandhi started the Swaraj movement; the idea of this movement was to tell the British that they should quit from Sub-continent and power should be given in the

PAK301

Glossary

hands of Sub-continent people. But Hindus were in majority in the Sub-continent. So, it meant power should be given in the hands of Hindus. This was the reason that Quid-i-Azam showed his disagreement with Gandhi.

 Extra-Constitutional

Not authorized by or based on a constitution; beyond the provisions of a constitution.

 Separate Electorates

Separate Electorates are type of elections in which minorities select their own representatives separately, as opposed to Joint Electorates where people are selected collectively. When minorities fear that they would not get representation in state affairs and government then they demand separate electorates.

 Devanagari

Devanagari script is a Hindi language writing script.

 Dynamic Force

Dynamic force is a force acting on an object that causes it to vary or change its size, position, or direction.

 Democracy

Democracy is a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. On the other hand, dictatorship is a form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations like the government through Martial-law.

 Capitalism

An economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Capitalism, also called free market economy or free enterprise economy, economic system, dominant in the Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets.

 Materialism

A tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values.

 Spiritualism

A system of belief or religious practice based on supposed communication with the spirits of the dead, especially through mediums.

 Despotic

Despotic rule is that when the rulers who rely on brute force or the threat rather than the rule of law to keep order is called Despotic rule.

 Medieval

Relating to the Middle Ages of or relating to the period of European history from about A.D. 500 to about 1500.

 Political Mouthpiece

A person, newspaper, etc. that expresses the opinions of the government or a political group is called Political Mouthpiece.

 Distinct Nation

A stable, historically developed community of people with a territory, economic life, distinctive culture, and language in common.

 Revivalist Movements

Revivalist means to restore anything or to improve condition or the position. In 18th Century, Movements were started by the Muslims for the political and spiritual regeneration of the Hind o Pak. Towards the end of the 19th Century a series of Hindu revivalist movements were started like Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Shuddhi Movement, and Gaurakshini Sabhas.

 Conspiracy

The activity of secretly planning with other people to do something bad or illegal is called conspiracy.

 Prejudice

Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience.

 Self-Government

Self-government is a system in which the citizens of a country (or smaller political unit, such as a state) rule themselves and control their own affairs. Self-governments are free from external government control or outside political authority.

 Extra Territorial

The privilege granted to some aliens, especially diplomats, of being exempt from the jurisdiction of the state in which they reside.

 Darul Islam

Dar al-Islam means 'house of peace' and refers to the dominion of Islam, namely, any structure (be it a home, community, or state) that allows the free practice of Islam.