PAK301 Official Handouts

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

LECTURE 1....................................................................................................................................................4

LECTURE 2....................................................................................................................................................7

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF STATEMENTS OF QUAID-I-AZAM AND ALLAMA IQBAL.....7

LECTURE 3....................................................................................................................................................9

THE ALIGARH MOVEMENT ..........................................................................................................................9

LECTURE 4..................................................................................................................................................11

SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS ..................................................................................11

LECTURE 5..................................................................................................................................................13

MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1857-1918 ........................................................................................13

LECTURE 6..................................................................................................................................................16

THE KHILAFAT MOVEMENT ......................................................................................................................16

LECTURE 7..................................................................................................................................................18

MUSLIM POLITICS IN BRITISH INDIA: 1924-1935 ......................................................................................18

LECTURE 8..................................................................................................................................................21

ALLAMA IQBAL’S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS DECEMBER 1930 ..............................................................21

LECTURE 9..................................................................................................................................................23

MUSLIM POLITICS AND CHAUDHRY RAHMAT ALI.....................................................................................23

LECTURE 10................................................................................................................................................24

THE CONGRESS MINISTRIES-- POLICIES TOWARDS MUSLIMS ....................................................................24

LECTURE 11................................................................................................................................................26

THE LAHORE RESOLUTION, 1940 ..............................................................................................................26

LECTURE 12................................................................................................................................................28

MAJOR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN 1945-46 ........................................................................................28

LECTURE 13................................................................................................................................................31

TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE, 1947...............................................................................................................31

LECTURE 14................................................................................................................................................33

CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN BRITISH INDIA .................................................................................33

LECTURE 15................................................................................................................................................37

THE PROBLEMS OF THE NEW STATE ..........................................................................................................37

LECTURE 16................................................................................................................................................39

THE OBJECTIVES RESOLUTION (1949).......................................................................................................39

LECTURE 17................................................................................................................................................41

CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES ..........................................................................................................................41

LECTURE 18................................................................................................................................................44

CONSTITUTION MAKING (1947-56)...........................................................................................................44 LECTURE 19................................................................................................................................................46

THE 1956 CONSTITUTION ..........................................................................................................................46

LECTURE 20................................................................................................................................................48

THE 1962 CONSTITUTION ..........................................................................................................................48

LECTURE 21................................................................................................................................................50

THE 1973 CONSTITUTION ..........................................................................................................................50

LECTURE 22................................................................................................................................................52

POLITICAL HISTORY ..................................................................................................................................52

LECTURE 23................................................................................................................................................54

POLITICAL HISTORY (1972-2003) .............................................................................................................54

LECTURE 24................................................................................................................................................57

GEOGRAPHY, LAND, BOUNDARIES AND NEIGHBORHOODS........................................................................57

LECTURE 25................................................................................................................................................60

NATURAL RESOURCES, AGRICULTURE ......................................................................................................60

LECTURE 26................................................................................................................................................63

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ......................................................................................................................63

LECTURE 27................................................................................................................................................65

EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN ..........................................................................................................................65

LECTURE 28................................................................................................................................................68

FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN .................................................................................................................68

LECTURE 29................................................................................................................................................71

PAKISTAN AND THE MUSLIM WORLD ........................................................................................................71

LECTURE 30................................................................................................................................................73 COURSE REVIEW .......................................................................................................................................73 Lecture 1

Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation. It is deeply ingrained in the social consciousness of the people. It is a set of principles, a framework of action and guidance system that gives order and meaning to life and human action.

Ideology emphasizes on some particular principles, ideals and blueprint for the future. It is a review of the existing political, social and economic arrangements that create consciousness based on its principles. It legitimizes or delegitimizes certain actions and philosophies. Ideology gives nation a direction and worldview and its implementation is the responsibility of the concerned people.

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that they demanded separate electorates. However when they realized that their future in a ‘Democratic India’ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their demand to a separate state. The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society. The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two social orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political supremacy but are also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. Their eating habits, music, architecture and script, all are poles apart.

The basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They demanded that the areas where they were in majority should be constituted into a sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives in accordance with the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH).

Evolution of ‘Two Nation Theory’

Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed before the establishment of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this concept of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of the Muslim nationalism in the Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas. Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered some part of India and after that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam. The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. Thus a strong Muslim community had emerged in India who had its own way of life, traditions, heroes, history and culture. Islam could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the pure Islamic character and save it from external onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired conversions to Islam.