PAK301 Short Notes 2

PAK301 short subjective Questions

1: What is ideology?

IDEOLOGY is a set of beliefs, values and ideals of a group and a nation.

2: What is the Ideology of Pakistan?

Ideology of Pakistan sought its roots from the religion of Islam. It basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to their faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the resources at their disposal to prosper and to enhance Islamic culture and civilization without any fear of being dominated by an unsympathetic Hindu majority.

3: What is Two Nation Theory?

Two Nation Theory means that there were two major nations in the British India. Both the nations were different and distinct from each other with regard to their culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs and calendars, history and tradition, in short they had their own distinct outlook on life and of life, so they would have their separate homelands

4: What was the Khilafat Movement/Tehrik-i-Khilafat?

The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslims' holy places to non-Muslims.

5: What was the Objectives Resolution?

The Objectives Resolution was the first constitutional document that proved ‘foundation’ of the constitutional developments in Pakistan. It provided parameters and sublime principles to the legislators. It made the constitution-making process easy task setting some particular objectives before them that would be acceptable to the people of Pakistan

6: What is foreign policy?

Foreign policy usually refers to as the general principles by which a state governs its reaction to the international environment and its interaction with other states7: RCD and ECO? RCD and ECO Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) in July 1964. It worked for economic development till 1985. As it fell short of expectations and could not meet the goals set forth before it, so it was renamed as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). Later on, Afghanistan and five Central Asian Republics, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan joined it. Now ECO is working for more cooperation among its members to enhance development level of its members. Hope it will prove its worth and achieve the goal of development for its members

8: Islam believes in one nation (Ummah) then why Two Nation theory was propounded for the Muslims of the subcontinent?

Islam creates one Ummah (Nation). In no way it means that all the Muslims of the world should come together and form one country. Islam believes in justice, peace, security and welfare of humanity. It exhorts its followers to struggle for the cause of Justice, peace, security and welfare of humanity. No matter where they are, they should follow its commands and injunctions. Boundries do not matter in Islam, what matters complete submission to Allah, following in the footsteps of the Holy Prophet and continuous struggle for justice and welfare of humanity. Pakistan was created on the basis of Two Nation theory because the causes for which Islam has stood since its inception was under threat in the subcontinent. It was not possible for the Muslims of the subcontinent to struggle freely for Islamic causes. It was in the fitness of things to propound Two Nation theory to create a separate state for the Muslims where they can prosper without the fear of unsympathetic majority.

9: What was the purpose of the Two Nation Theory of Sir syed Ahmad khan?

The purpose of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was to create awareness among the Muslims about their separate identity, to warn them of the Hindu designs and plots hatched to subjugate the Muslims, and to make the British accept and treat the Muslims as a separate nation. As he was a great well-wisher of the Muslims, so he thought the Two Nation Theory as a way to protect the Muslims' interests in the subcontinent. Given the conflicting interests, if Hindus and Muslims had been together after 1857, there would have been civil war in the subcontinent and the resultant destruction and dejection. Giving them their separate status and separate domain to work for their prosperity was the only solution to the complicated situation of the subcontinent. This was the real idea behind the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's struggle.

10: What was Hindi-Urdu controversy?

During the last days of the Muslim rule, Urdu emerged as the most common language of the northwestern provinces of India. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1867, some prominent Hindus started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the replacement of Urdu with Hindi, and the Persian script with the Deva Nagri script, as the court language in the northwestern provinces. The reason for opposing Urdu was that the language was written in Persian script, which was similar to the Arabic script, and Arabic was the language of the Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims. The movement grew quickly and within a few months spread throughout the Hindu population of the northwestern provinces of India. The headquarters of this movement were in Allahabad. This situation provoked the Muslims to come out in order to protect the importance of the Urdu language. The opposition by the Hindus towards the Urdu language made it clear to the Muslims of the region that Hindus were not ready to tolerate the culture and traditions of the Muslims. The UrduHindi controversy had a great effect on the life of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. Before this event he had been a great advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity and was of the opinion that the "two nations are like two eyes of the beautiful bride, India". But this movement completely altered his point of view. He put forward the Two-Nation Theory, predicting that the differences between the two groups would increase with the passage of time and the two communities would not join together in anything wholeheartedly

11: What was Swaraj (self-rule)?

Swaraj was meant that India should be ruled by Indians not by the Britains. It was an objective to get the Britain leave the Indian subcontinent and establish a government led by the Indians. In other words it was meant independence for India.

12: What kind of disagreement had Jinnah with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self- rule)?

Gandhi wanted the type of Swaraj that was awarded by the British to its other colonies in which there were democratic governments (government by the majority). Quaid-e-Azam was opposed to the kind of setup. He wanted self-rule suitable to India and with due safeguards for the minorities. As the government by the majority was meant Hindu Raj in the subcontinent. Quaid-e-Azam was against the Hindu-Raj

13: What was 'Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam'?

Some leading and sincere Muslim leaders picked up the incentive in order to lesson the influence of the Hindu and Christian missionaries and decided to set up Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam on September 24, 1884 in a mosque known as Masjid Bakan Khan inside Mochi Gate, Lahore, where nearly 250 Muslims decided to set up the Anjuman for the educational guidance of the Muslims of the Punjab.

14: What was Moplah Revolt?

Moplahs were the descendents of the Arab Muslims settled in the Sub-Continent even before the arrival of Muhammad Bin Qasim. In August 1921, at Malabar Coast, near Kalicut, they revolted against Hindu landlords. Hindus feudal lords of that area with the collusion of the British managed to transfer large tracts of agricultural land to their name and this act antagonized the local Muslims who were poor peasants. These suffering poor peasant Muslims started an armed revolt against the local landlords and the government. The government resorted to repressive measures which resulted into deaths of thousands of Moplahs. It is called Moplah Revolt.

15: What was 'Indian Home Rule League'?

On April 23, 1916 Bal Gangadhar Tilak formed The Home Rule League in Bombay. Joseph Baptista became President and N.C. Kelkar Secretary of Tilak’s Home Rule League which forestalled that of Mrs. Besant. Six months later Mrs. Annie Besant founded the league in Madras. " Dr. Besant started the Home Rule League in India for obtaining the freedom of the country and reviving the country's glorious cultural heritage. The objective of both Home Rule League was to attain ‘self-government within the British Empire by all constitutional means’, and to educate public opinion for the same. They were Moderates and against the Liberal Party Dr. Annie Besant is one of those foreigners who inspired the love of the country among Indians. She declared in 1918 in her paper ‘New India’, "I love the Indian people as I love none other, and... My heart and my mind... have long been laid on the altar of the Motherland". Annie Besant, born of Irish parents in London on October 1, 1847, made India her home from November 1893. Dr. Besant started the Home Rule League in India for obtaining the freedom of the country and reviving the country's glorious cultural heritage. She started a paper called " New India”. She attended the 1914 session of the Indian National Congress and presided over it in 1917. Dr. Besant died in 1933

17: Why were the minorities of Pakistan not interested in separate electorate?

In Pakistan the minorities were in a scattered position and it was too much difficult for their representative to go to them, listen to their problems and finally solve their problems. They were only 3 percent of the total population. Moreover, there was no bias against them in the Muslim society. They had complete independence with regard to every sphere of life. The experience of separate electorate was not good for