PAK302 Official Handouts

PAK302 · Handouts · Table of Contents

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1. People in India (A Historical Perspective)
2. Geography and Culture
3. Economic Foundations
4. Ideological Foundations
5. Making of Pakistan: Movement for Freedom
6. Ideological Movement
7. Historical Movement
8. Political Movement
9. Constitutional Movement
10. Role of Leadership
11. Shah Waliullah, Shah Abdul Aziz, Sayyied Ahmad Shaheed
12. Sir Aga Khan III, Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar (Khilafat Movement)
13. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and Aligarh Movement
14. Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah
15. Lahore Resolution, 1940 and Aftermath
16. Foundation of National State of Pakistan
17. Infant Nation (Crisis and Survival)
18. The First Republic, 1956
19. The First Military Regime and the Second Republic 1958-69
20. The Second Military Regime and After (1969-1971)
21. Secession of East Pakistan, Formation of Bangladesh
22. Advent of Z. A. Bhutto
23. The Third Republic: The Constitution of 1973
24. Socio-Political and Economic Change under Z. A. Bhutto
25. The Third Military Regime, 1977
26. Islamization in Pakistan
27. Advent of Benazir Bhutto, Nawaz Sharif for two Years each from 1989-99 167
28. The Fourth Military Regime, 1999 and after
29. Foreign Policy Challenges
30. Futuristic Outlook

Lecture 1 · People in India · (A Historical Perspective)

Sub-continent is a part of the Asia region and the North side on the upper side of the map, South on the downside, East on the right side and West on the left side. In this map, the mountain territory on the north side and the world’s highest peak of the Himalayas that are situated on the Northern side of the Sub-continent. It’s been said that the weather of this region will be cold like China and Russia without the Himalayas territory. On the other side, this mountain side served as a defensive line which benefited Hindustan because this region limited the attacks from the north side region. Though, it’s been witnessed in past that Hindustan was invaded from the north side of the country. The Aryans came into Sub-continent years ago during the 1700-1500 BCE. Indian ocean is situated on the south side of Hindustan and it has its significance. Because it connects two big oceans named the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean respectively. On the other side, this ocean side is significant for defense purposes for Hindustan and it’s also an important region for trade. On the west side of the Sub-continent, where Pakistan is situated that’s actually a part of Muslim world. Muslim world starts from this point and reaches to Arabian sea and connect with Middle East. On one side it stretches to African Northern area and on the other side it reached to Turkey. It also connects with North side countries which were established after the fall of communism of Soviet Union. South East area is a part of Hindustan’s own land alongside Pakistan and contrary, other side covers the area of Indo-China, China, Japan and Pacific Ocean. West side is a part of Muslim world and East side is a part of Hindu world. This region has multiculturalism, multi religious value system, multi linguistic system and, in geographical context, it exists in regionalism. Subcontinent is a mixture of sociolect-cultural-political-economic. This region demands for a government that’s centralized in nature in order to maintain the uniformity in the region. Perhaps that’s the only reason, in history of Hindustan, this region has put a lot emphasis on centralization. These selected segments that were spread in all corners because of multiculturalism and social diversity. So, a centralized form of administration had always been fond necessary for socio-political-economic development of sub-continent. If we want to study about Pakistan, so, it’s important to keep in touch with historical foundations, geographical foundations, sociocultural foundations, economic foundations and ideological foundations. India has been always divided into very wide range of regionalism and that had always created a problem of national integration. Thus, the political development problem with reference to geographical situation of the country had always been there for the administrative issues of the country. The history of Sub-continent is divided into three major eras.

1. Ancient India
2. Medieval India
3. Modern India

Ancient India

Ancient India was covered by the Aryans and Dravidian's, the medieval India was covered by Arabs, Persians, Turks, Afghans and Mughal (Muslims) and the modern India was covered by British Imperialism (Christians). The ancient India was covered by religion Hinduism and the different religions of the native Indians called Dravidian's. The Medieval India was covered by