PSY406 Midterm Past Papers

Educational psychology: Educational psychology is the branch of psychology, concerned with the scientific study of human learning.

What do you know about demonstrating as a teaching strategy-?

Demonstrating is the process of teaching through examples or experiments. For example, a science teacher may teach an idea by performing an experiment for students. A demonstration may be used to prove a fact through a combination of visual evidence and associated reasoning.

How peer relationship affects our moral development

lesson#8

Another important fact related to moral development is the effect of peer relationships. Children develop theirs moral standards by observing their peer groups and other significant others.

Write 2 areas of research for educational psychology and identify dependent and independent variable in them

1. Descriptive Studies, 2) Correlational Studies,

3) Experimental Studies · Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development · lesson#5

Jean Piaget’s a great name in psychology and in particular for his description of children’s thinking. He put forward the view that there are four stages in the development of a child’s thinking and they are:

1) Sensorimotor Stage, (0-2) · 2) Preoperational Stage, (2-7) · 3) Concrete Operational Stage, (7-11) · 4) Formal Operational Stage (11 - adulthood)

Amna and her sister are playing. Amna is pretending to be a doctor and her sister patient. What Piaget's stages they both attained explain answer with justification?

This statement is refers to Concrete Operational Stage, (7-11), in this stage the child learns the rules such as conversation

Describe the forms of negative label, explain with the examples

Stigmatization and Self-fulfilling prophecy · Self-fulfilling prophecy that is a judgment or · prediction which comes out to be true, If a · teacher regards a child to less intelligent, he · pays less attention to him and as a result of · receiving less attention the child lags behind in · academics thus providing proof to the teacher

that the student indeed is not a good student. Stigmatization: A stigma is a bad name, a negative label; a name which describes the protagonist in uncomplimentary manner

Labeling the students? Lesson#11

Teachers should be very careful in labeling a student of victim of any learning disability as it is a very serious issue. Such labeling can be harmful for students. It could have a very bad influence on students. This harm may come from two sources; 1) One it stigmatizes a student 2) It may become a selffulfilling prophecy.

Intelligence and logic intelligence inherited (وراثت میں) OR acquire (حاصل) lesson#10

Intelligence and logic intelligence are basically acquired; approximately 80% of child’s intelligence is acquired from mother.

Orderly, continues and gradual development principle

lesson#4

Continuous development: There are individual differences across people in terms of development. For example, there are gender differences in physical development. Orderly development: That development takes in an orderly path: for example, children first sit, then develop an ability to stand and then to walk etc. Gradual development: That development takes place gradually, not suddenly. For example, a seed turns into a tree over some period of time.

Stages of Development:

lesson#7

There are two stages of development: Physical and psychological

Stages of development crisis given by Erick Ericson: Trust versus Mistrust Stage, Autonomy versus Doubt/Shame Stage, Initiative and Guilt Stage, Industry versus Inferiority Stage, Identity versus Role Confusion Stage, Intimacy versus Isolation Stage, Generatively versus Stagnation Stage, Ego integrity versus Despair Stage.

Kohlberg’s Levels of Development: 1. Pre-conventional Moral Reasoning, 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning, 3. Post-Conventional Moral Reasoning

Dialect and bilingualism

lesson#15

Dialect: A dialect is a language variation spoken by a particular ethnic, social or regional group and is an element of the group’s collective identity. Bilingualism: A large majority of our school going children are bilingual, learning, speaking and reading in at least two languages, namely Urdu and English.

Who are those students who take benefit from token economy?

Students with mental retardation, children who have failed often, children with few academic skills and students with behavior problems all seem to respond to the concrete, direct nature of token reinforcement.

Development of Erikson

lesson#8

According to Erikson’s theory is called the ego integrity versus despair stage. In this period, late adulthood stage, the person must reflect upon his past life and accept it for whatever it was worth: Acceptance would lead to lead a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction and a lack of it would result in despair and sadness.

Difference between Enactive learning and vicarious learning · Enactive learning · Learning by doing and reinforced by the

consequence of action/outcomes.

vicarious learning

Learning through observation not performances.

Difference between cultural diversity and cultural compatibility

Cultural compatibility: All cultural conflicts may not always lead to wars or battles but may result in cultural compatibility. Cultural compatibility is when diverse cultural units emphasize their differences and work collectively to achieve a common goal

Cultural diversity: is the quality of diverse or different cultures

Sensory memory

Sensory memory relates to memories taken in by the senses. Sensory memory is the shortest-term element of memory. Sensory memory is the initial processing that transforms (sight, sound, smell these incoming stimuli into information (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and feeling)

Behavior Shaping

Behavior shaping is a technique in which a teacher reinforces each small step of progress taken by his students towards a desired goal

Long term memory or short term

Short-term memory has a fairly limited capacity and can hold items for only short periods of time while long-term memory can store unlimited amounts of information indefinitely