PSY406 Midterm Solved Papers

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY · Mid term Current Papers Solved by sahar · Total Questions=27 · MCQ’S=22 · Subjective questions=5

Q1. Difference between Hostile and Instrumental Aggression. Explain with two examples each. 3 Marks

1) Instrumental Aggression

Psychologists have identified various types of aggressive behavior students. The first form of aggression is called instrumental aggression, which is need to gain an object or a favor; here the intention of aggressor is not to hurt the other, but to gain something. For example, if a child wants to get pen or any book from the other student, so he/she can fight the other one to get it. He/she is not showing aggression to heart another student but just to gain possession of some material thing. So if a teacher has found that a child is aggrieve just to use a beautiful pen of another classmate, so at that time teacher should step in and should teach them to share this with each other. It will remove the cause of aggression.

2) Hostile Aggressions

The second kind in the present context ishostile aggressions here; the intention of the aggressor is to inflict harm on the other person. Hostile aggression may manifest, or take two forms: a) Overt aggression: exerting aggression, actual physical attack for example slapping the other child. b) Relational Aggression, where the aggressor threatens or actually damages natural relationships.

Q2. Explain Bottom up process and Top down process with two examples of each. 5 Marks

Answer: There are two kinds of explanations in information processing theory for how we recognize patterns and give meaning to sensory events. The first is called feature analysis or bottom up processing that is, noticing parts of sensation and then making a whole of it. It may also take the form of top down processing, when we give meaning to sensations in view of our already existing knowledge; so what we know affects our perceptions. So as in daily life, so in class room situation attention and perception play a very important role in student’s learning. Teacher, who can capture and hold attention of students, by what we outlined above, can prove to be effective teachers. Teachers who confine their lectures and lesson within the perceptual parameters of their students will prove to be good, effective teachers.

Q4. Strategy of problem solving explain with Working backward strategy. 3 Marks

Answer: MCQ,s related from following topics. Trust verses Mistrust, Gender Bias, Self-Regulation in teaching, Teachers Qualification and training, Dependent and Independent variables, Self-concept and Self-esteem, Self-fulling Prophecy, Levels of development, Token Economy, Material and Non-material culture, Learned helplessness, Learning disabilities.

long term memory or short term

The term shortterm memory is often used to describe that segment of overall memory storage, where information, material or contents are held for only a short time.

The storage time of short term memory is usually between 15 and 20 seconds. The material gained is kept in this store have for only 15 to 20 seconds and then it fades away and forgotten. Research showed that a part from holding material for a short time period, the short term memory can hold only about five to nine separate items or independent pieces of information. So short term memory does not contain pieces of information.

Then there is the long term working memory, which is like a store house of storages and person retrieve information from it whenever he requires it. The progress and development of knowledge in a person adds to the structures and categories in long term memory. These structures can be compared to Cobwebs, they are interconnected. So long term memory provides tools that improve with gain in the knowledge and expertise of a person.

Gender biased in text ka pocha tha

Gender Bias

Gender bias is the difference in view of males and females that often favors one gender over the other.

Gender Bias in the Curriculum

Some school curriculum manifest gender bias. They show preference/ superiority of one gender over the other in Pakistan. There used to be more stories about male characters than about females; in addition, the females tended to be shown in the home, behaving passively and expressing fear or incompetence.

vicarious or enactive ka pocha tha

Enactive learning is learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions. This may sound like operant conditioning all over again, but it is not and the difference has to do with the role of consequences. In enactive learning, consequences are seen as providing information. Think of learning to ride a bicycle or learning how to swim. You cannot learn to bicycle or swim by reading about them, or by talking about them or by observing others do these things. You can learn to bicycle or swim only by actually doing these things. That is how Bandura thinks human beings learn, by doing things. He calls it enactive learning.

Then there is vicarious learning, here learning takes place by observation, when people and animals learn by observations that is an example of vicarious learning. This fact challenges the behaviorist idea that cognitive factors are unnecessary in explanation of learning. If people can learn by watching, they must be focusing their attention, constructing images, remembering, analyzing, and making decisions that affect learning. In our culture girls learning to wear a dupatta by watching elders do and young adults learn to shave and trim their beards by observing their elders do it. Dressing up and personal grooming are learnt by observing others, an example of vicarious learning.

Co-construction:

Co-construction

His sociocultural theory emphasizes the development of a child in terms of dialogue and interaction between him and other more knowledgeable members of a society. You must have heard that a child is belonging to a noble family and the other is not. How you come to know? Because of his family environment and cultural values. So these factors play very important role in child’s life which Vygotsky have emphasized. It is observed that both joint and single family system effects child’s development in many ways. In Pakistan, usually people live in joint family system. Children learn thinking and behaving from these interactions. He uses the termCo- construction to explain the process of learning of children by interacting with each other and members of a society to reach an understanding or to solve a problem. It is important to know that children learn by imitating and these imitations are internalized by children

Peer pressure related to bad academic achievement explain with example

Peer Influences

The fourth factor in this context is peer pressure that influence academic performance and achievement. Because poor students move and are friendly with other poor students, their peers and friends also belong to poor backgrounds. They usually therefore disregard and reject other different classes’ behaviors and values, including the value of putting in hard work at academics. So poor students (who are willing to work hard academically) learn to reject academic input because their friends and peers pressurize them to do so.

Token economy is used on what kind of students,

Token Economy

Another method of bringing about a change in students behavior is what is called “Token Economy” or more specifically a token reinforcement system. This is a system where students earn tokens for good academic work and then can use those token for some rewards they define. The tokens may be points, checks, holes punched in a card, chips, play money, or anything else that is easily identified as the student’s property. Periodically the students exchange the tokens they have earned for some desired reward. Depending on the age of student, the rewards could be small toys, school supplies, free time, or other privileges. When a token economy is first