PSY511 Final Term Updated Handouts June 2024 by S Malik

Environmental Psychology (Psy511) Finalterm Highlighted Handouts by Be kind to yourself.

Lesson Impact of Environment on Individual (Personality Development and Individual Differences) Lesson Murray’s Theory of Personality Development and Interactionist Perspective Lesson

Lesson Stress as cause and effect

Lesson Physiology of stress

Lesson General Adaptation Syndrome

Lesson Measuring stress

Lesson Measuring stress

Lesson Moderators of the stress response

Lesson Environmental and Cultural Variances

Lesson Attribution Theory

Lesson Judgmental Shortcuts and Culture

Lesson Population and Culture

Lesson Impact of Environment on Its Incumbents

Lesson Effects of Urbanization Lesson Problems related to Crowding

Lesson Impact of Population concentration on humans

Lesson The Distinction between Density and Crowding

Lesson Environmental changes in Rural Areas

Lesson The Built Environment and Human Adjustment

Lesson Prisons

Lesson Education environments

Lesson Institutional Design reconsidered & Queuing theory

Lesson Energy use in homes and commercial buildings

Lesson Conservation as an energy source

Lesson Understanding Urban Sprawl: challenges and solutions

Lesson Urban Blight

Lecture #19 Impact of Environment on Individual (Personality Development and Individual Differences) “Personality consists of all the relatively stable and distinctive styles of thought, behavior and emotional response that characterize a person’s adaptations to surrounding circumstances.” (Maddi 1976, Mischel 1976). Personality can also be defined as a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors in various situations. The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask. For example, someone might be described as outgoing, empathetic, and shy, indicating traits that make up their personality.

Personality Development: Emergence of distinctive style of thoughts, feelings, and behaviour that make each human being a unique individual.

Two questions for Personality Psychologists:

1. Individual Differences

When several people encounter the same situation, why don’t they all react alike?

2. Environmental impact

What is the relationship between human behavior and environment?

Personality Research – Theoretical Frameworks Trait Theory Murray’s Theory of Personality Interactionist Perspective Metron’s Notion of Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Trait Theories of Personality Trait: Relatively enduring way in which an individual differs from others. Personality traits are relatively stable over time. Personality traits are consistent over situations. Intensity of traits.

1. Gordon Allport Trait Theory:

Allport & Odbert developed the first trait theory, and they categorized traits into three levels (1961).

Cardinal traits: These traits dominate and shape a person’s behavior, so much so that they seem to become synonymous with the person. These include the need for money, ambition, etc. Central traits: These traits are less dominating, and they are present in all human beings to different degrees. For example, “honesty” or “intelligence”. Secondary traits: These traits are very specific behaviors or preferences that appear in certain contexts, say being impatient while waiting.