STA630 Final Term Solved Papers 2021

STA 630 final 2021 · Saiera shakoor · 1. Historical comparative research limitation · 2. Content analysis · 3. Simple random sampling and stratified random sampling · Stratified Random Sample

When the population is heterogeneous, the use of simple random sample may not produce representative sample. Some of the bigger strata may get over representation while some of the small ones may entirely be eliminated. Look at the variables that are likely to affect the results, and stratify the population in such a way that each stratum becomes homogeneous group within itself. Then draw the required sample by using the table of random numbers. Hence in stratified random sampling a sub-sample is drawn utilizing simple random sampling within each stratum. (Randomization is not done for quota sampling).

Q4. Why we prefer similar population?

Q5. Why editing is required by field worked during data collection process?

Q6. Experimental research is a qualitative research which build on interpretivists principles agree or not agree?

Q7. Researchers who conduct research on deviant, engaged in illegal behavior face an additional dilemma mentioned the dilemma for the field researcher?

8. How we make questions for field work research

Data collection in a sponsored study is rarely carried out by the person who designs the research project. For a student, depending upon the sample size, data collection is usually done by the student himself/herself. However, the data collection stage is crucial, because the research project is no better than the data collected in the field. Therefore, it is important that the research administrator selects capable people who may be entrusted to collect the data. There are Field Interviewing Services, who specialize in data gathering. These agencies perform door-to-door surveys, central location telephone interviewing, and other forms of fieldwork for fee.

9. Double blind experiment

The double-blind experiment is designed to control experimenter expectancy. In it, people who have direct contact with subjects do not know the details of the hypothesis or the treatment. It is double blind because both the subjects and those in contact with them are blind to details of the experiment. For example a researcher wants to see if new drug is effective.

10. Maturity effect and test effect sampling techniques

Cause and effect relationship can also be contaminated by the effects of the passage of time – another uncontrollable variable. Such contamination is called maturation effect. The maturation effects are a function of the processes – biological and psychological – operating within the subjects as a result of the passage of time. Examples of maturation processes could include growing older, getting tired, feeling hungry, and getting bored. In other words there could be maturation effect on the dependent variable purely because of the passage of time

11. Parts of the table

Give each table a number. Give each table a title, which names variables and provides background information Label the row and columns variables and give name to each of the variable categories. Include the totals of the columns and rows. These are called marginal. They equal the univariate frequency distribution for the variable. Each number or place that corresponds to the intersection of a category for each variable is a cell of a table. The numbers with the labeled variable categories and the totals are called the body of the table. If there is missing information, report the number of missing cases near the table to account for all original cases. Researchers convert raw count tables into percentages to see bivariate relationship. There are three ways to percentage a table: by row, by column, and for the total. The first two are often used and show relationship.

12. Probability or Non-probability

Probability sampling designs are used when the representativeness of the sample is of importance in the interest of wider generalizability. When time or other factors, rather than generalizability become critical then non-probability sampling is generally used.

In non-probability sampling the probability of any particular element of the population being chosen is unknown. The selection of units in non-probability sampling is quite arbitrary, as researchers rely heavily on personal judgment.

13. Pretest posttest

Frequently a researcher measures the dependent variable more than once during an experiment. The pretest is the measurement of the dependent variable prior to the introduction of the treatment. The posttest is the measurement of the dependent variable after the treatment has been introduced into the experimental situation.

14. Why we use Sample population researchers.

15. Random sampling

Researchers often use random sampling in content analysis. First, they define the population and the sampling element. For example, the population might be all words, all sentences, all paragraphs, or all articles in certain type of documents over a period of specified period. Likewise, it could include each conversation, situation, scene, or episode of a certain type of television program over a specified time period.

Q16. Experiment research

1. Experimental research builds on the principles of positivist approach more

directly than do the other research techniques. b. The purpose of experimental research is to allow the researcher to control the research situation so that causal relationships among variables may be evaluated. c. The goal of the experimental design is the confidence that it gives the researcher that his experimental treatment is the cause of the effect he measures. d. Experimentation is a research design that allows evaluation of causal relationship among variables.

17. How construct frequency distribution in two variable.

18. Difference in Internal or external validity

Internal validity:

Internal validity is high in the laboratory experiment, reason being the control over all the confounding factors. External validity (generalizability) is not sure because of the effect of variety of factors. Field experiments have more external validity but less internal validity because it is closer to the real situations.

External Validity:

Even if the researcher eliminates all concerns for internal validity, external validity remains a potential problem. External validity is the ability to generalize experimental findings to real life situations. Without external validity, the findings are of little use for both basic and applied research i.e. we shall not be able to develop any theories that could be applicable to similar other situations.

19. Ethical dilemmas

The direct personal involvement of a field researcher in the social lives of other people raises many ethical dilemmas. The dilemmas arise when the researcher is alone in the field and has little time to make a moral decision. Although he or she may be aware of general ethical issues before entering the field, they arise unexpectedly in the course of observing and interacting in the field. Let us look at some of these dilemmas:

Deception:

Deception arises in several ways in field research. The research may be covert; or may assume a false role, name, or identity; or may mislead members in some way.

Confidentiality:

A researcher learns intimate knowledge that is given in confidence. He or she has a moral obligation to uphold the confidentiality of data. This includes keeping information confidential from others in the field and disguising members‟ names in field notes.

Involvement with deviants:

Researchers who conduct research on deviants who engage in illegal behavior face additional dilemmas. They know of and are sometimes involved in illegal activity. They might be getting „guilty knowledge.‟ such knowledge is of interest not only to law enforcement officials but also to other deviants.

The powerful:

Field researchers tend to study those without power in society (e.g., street people, the poor, children, and lower level workers). Powerful elites can block access and have effective