ZOO101 Quiz Set 2 by VUBuddy

Separation techniques are those techniques that can be used to separate two different states of matter such as liquids and solids.

Decantation is a process for the separation of mixtures of immiscible liquids or of a liquid and a solid mixture such as a suspension. Immiscible liquid separation:

Sedimentation: The tendency of particles in suspension to settle down in the fluid due to certain forces like gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism is called as sedimentation

Takes advantage of physical property of state of matter, its size and solubility in liquid. The substance which is left behind in the filtration medium is called residue.

The liquid which passes through the filtration medium is called filtrate. Mechanical, physical or biological operations that separates solids from fluids (liquids or gases ) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass can be called as filtration.

Centrifugation is one of the techniques that scientists can use to separate mixtures OR

Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force for the sedimentation of heterogeneous mixtures with a centrifuge.

This process is used to separate two immiscible liquids.

Centrifuge: Centrifuge is a device for separating particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity of the medium.

Types of Centrifugation · 1. Differential Pelleting (differential centrifugation) · 2. Density Gradient Centrifugation

Two types of this:

(i) Rate-Zonal Density-Gradient Centrifugation

(ii) Isopynic Centrifugation

Ultracentrifugation

A high-speed centrifuge able to separate out colloidal and other small particles and used especially in determining the sizes of such particles or the molecular weights of large molecules

Types of Ultracentrifugation · 1. Analytical ultracentrifugation:- · 2. 2. Preparative ultracentrifugation:-

Evaporation is type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of liquid as it changes into gas phase.

Distillation is a purification process where the components of a liquid mixture are vaporized and then condensed and isolated.

A saturated solution is a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent at a particular temperature.

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.

Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture.

Types of chromatography

Gas chromatography

Liquid chromatography

Thin layer chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography

Chromatography technique that uses paper sheets or strips as the adsorbent being the stationary phase through which a solution is made to pass is called paper chromatography

Gas chromatography :In this method stationary phase is a column which is placed in the device, and contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid. Gas chromatography is a “gasliquid” chromatography

Thin Layer Chromatography can be defined as a method of separation or identification of a mixture of components into individual components by using finely divided adsorbent solid / (liquid) spread over a plate and liquid as a mobile phase.

Ion exchange chromatography (or ion chromatography) is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to ion exchangers

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC ) is a chromatographic technique that can separate a mixture of compounds.

Filtration is the process of separating substances based on their different physical and chemical qualities.

Types of filtration

Vacuum Filtration

Centrifugal filtration Gravity filtration

Cold filtration

Hot filtration

Multilayer filtration

In vacuum filtration, a vacuum pump is used to rapidly draw the fluid through a filter.

A plant that performs distillation is called a distillery.

Types of Distillation

Fractional distillation, Destructive distillation, Steam distillation, Vacuum distillation

A Soxhlet extractor is a piece of laboratory apparatus invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet.

It was originally designed for the extraction of a lipid from a solid material. Typically, Soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solubility in a solvent, and the impurity is insoluble in that solvent.

Rotary evaporator (or rotavap/rotovap) is a device used in chemical laboratories for the efficient and gentle removal of solvents from samples by evaporation.

Fractionation is a separation process in which a certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid, enzymes, suspension, or isotope) is divided during a phase transition, into a number of smaller quantities (fractions) in which the composition varies according to a gradient.

Spectrophotometry is a method to measure how much a chemical substance absorbs light, by measuring the intensity of light, as a beam of light passes through sample solution .

A weighing balance is an instrument which is used to determine the weight or mass of an object

A circular measure was used in comparing circular cross-sections, e.g., of wires, etc. A circular unit of the Ares is the area of the circle whose diameter is one linear unit.

A solution is a homogeneous mixture created by dissolving one or more solutes in a solvent.

Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per liter of solution.

The strength of solution measured in terms of gram equivalent per litre is called normality.

There are three different temperature scales.

•  Celsius scale of Temperature °C = 5/9(°F – 32)
•  Fahrenheit Scale of Temperature °F =9/5°C + 32