EDU401 Final Term Solved Papers

Informal education

or training occurs when teachers or mentors take responsibility for instructing others without sustained reference to an intentionally-organized body of knowledge in more incidental and spontaneous learning situations, such as guiding them in acquiring job skills or in community development activities.

• Informal learning is any activity involving the pursuit of understanding knowledge or skill which occurs without the presence of externally imposed curricular criteria …in any context outside the pre- established curricula of educative institutions

Why is Privatization Happening

There are many factors driving privatization in education. These factors differ in intensity

It is worth noting that some advocates of privatization are motivated by an ideological commitment to individual rights over government intervention. These advocates believe that a family’s right to choose its own education is paramount.

Why is Privatization Happening

1. Demand – Side Pressures

The first factor that can be cited to explain privatization in education is simple: many parents want it. In many countries, education is viewed as an important way to gain social and economic advancement. Therefore, the demand for education is high, and if governments cannot afford to provide and fund quality education, then parents seek private suppliers. This type of demand is ‘excess demand’, over and above what is provided by the government.

Why is Privatization Happening

2. Supply-side Pressures

The second factor that motivates privatization is the decline in the quality of, and in some cases the reductions in funds available to, the public sector. Many parents may feel that the local public school is inefficient in providing education of the type that is most needed; this dissatisfaction is reported by parents in very basic terms (such as the inability of the school to guarantee their children’s safety). In some cases enrolments have expanded much faster than funding, resulting in overcrowding, large classes, and double or triple shifts for delivery of instruction. Part of the perceived decline in quality may be a consequence of a fall in per-student funding. Higher education often has a high cost per unit, governments expect students to bear an increasing financial burden for their higher education.

Why is Privatization Happening

3. General Pressures

In addition to these push-and-pull pressures discussed previously, there are general pressures to privatize education systems. One such factor is global economic and social change. Globalization, linked with market liberalization, has both pressured and encouraged governments to seek more efficient, more flexible, and more expansive education systems. Privatization may be one response to these changes.

Diversity Private Education Pakistan

Diversity of private education in Pakistan is a characteristic feature and has tremendous implications for policy research but this aspect remains largely under explored in the literature. As a result, private sector as the provider of education has generally been treated as a homogenous category, though to a lesser degree than the public education sector. Ordinarily, differentiation is made between lowand high-fee schools, Urduand Englishmedium schools with different syllabi and between boys, girls and mixed schools. However, in reality the private educational institutions can be classified along a much broader range of categories.

Financing private Education in Pakistan

The size of private sector engaged in delivery of education services and its rapid growth in terms of number of institutions, teachers and enrolment draw attention to some fundamental questions pertaining to financing of private education in Pakistan.

Financing Private Education Pakistan

The data available to answer these and similar questions related to financing of private education is insufficient and whatever is available is too much scattered. The deficiency of data is evident from the fact that the most comprehensive set of financing statistics are available only in the Census of Private Educational Institutions 1999-2000. Since then, considerable changes might have occurred in trends and patterns of investment, receipts and expenditure of private educational institutions but it is difficult to analyze those changes because National Education Census 2005 and NEMIS haven’t collected this information. Formal and Non-Formal Learning: -uses the concept of non-formal learning, (no informal) -learning takes place mainly outside formal learning contexts

 Presents five features of formal learning

•  a prescribed learning framework
•  an organized learning event or package
•  the presence of a designated teacher or trainer
•  the award of a qualification or credit
•  the external specification of outcomes

Defines the dimensions of non-formal learning:

•  the timing of stimulus (past, current, future)
•  the extent to which such learning is tacit (tacit, reactive or deliberative)
•  to the extent to which learning is either individual or social
•  to the extent to which learning is either implicit or explicit

Eraut’s definition of non-formal learning is based on an investigation into learning in the workplace.

Define Positive peace. Presence of conditions of well-beings and just relationships: social, economic, political, ecological

Q: Relationship btw quality education and environment education.

Quality

Quality education enables people to develop all of their attributes and skills to achieve their potential as human beings and members of society. Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment. Quality education provides the foundation for equity in society. Knowledge and understanding of the environment and environmental challenges

Implementation of environment education.

Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment. As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions

In many countries, education is viewed as an important way to gain social and economic advancement. Therefore, the demand for education is high, and if governments cannot afford to provide and fund quality education, then parent seeks private suppliers. This type of demand is ‘excess demand’, over and above what is provided by the government. In addition, many parents want for their children an education different from that offered in public schools. This is ‘differentiated demand’ and it may encourage privatization across all three sectors.

Systematic research and population studies.

Systematic research – investigations that might survey, for example the relevant literature concerning the nature of the learner and his learning context.

Population education is not an attempt to develop a new discipline. Although demography and folk demography form the core of knowledge needed for population education, they do not cover the whole range of issues involved. Q: Forms of privatization.