ENG501 Final Term Short Notes by Sir Zahid

ENG501 SHORT HANDOUTS · NOTES FINALTERM · Lesson 19 to 30 · (ENG501) History of English Language · EFFORT BY VUHELPERS24 TEAM · REGARDS : SIR ZAHID: · JOIN VU BS ENGLISH 1st SEMESTER GROUP Click 👉 (JOIN NOW) · Lesson 19 · VOCABULARY OF MIDDLE ENGLISH AND MOVING TOWARDS · Topic 091: Middle English Syntax

What resulted in the leveling of inflections in Middle English?

Leveling of inflections resulted in syntactic and semantic relationships that had been signaled by the endings on words.

How did Old English and Middle English differ in expressing grammatical functions of consecutive nouns?

In Old English, grammatical functions were clear from the endings, while in Middle English, their functions might become uncertain.

What was the most direct way to avoid ambiguity in Middle English syntax?

The most direct way was through limiting the possible patterns of word order.

Describe the shift observed in Middle English syntax. There was a shift from a highly synthetic stage in Old English to the highly analytic stages of Late Middle English and Modern English.

What period does the Peterborough Chronicle span, and what changes can be traced in its text?

The Peterborough Chronicle spans from 1070 to 1154, and it shows a significant loss of inflections followed by a corresponding rigidity of word order.

Topic 092: Middle English Vocabulary

What influenced the loss of inflections and simplification of grammar in Middle English vocabulary?

The loss of inflections and simplification of grammar was influenced directly by the use of French.

What aspects are significant in understanding the nature of the interchange of words between French and English?

Mutual & frequent, no sudden change, varying tempo, and a slow beginning.

Give examples of French words influencing fashion and social life in Middle English.

Examples include fashion, dress, apparel, gown, robe, garment, and others.

Which areas of life in Middle English were influenced by French words related to government and administration?

Words such as government, crown, state, empire, parliament, and titles of offices like chancellor and treasurer.

What were some Middle English words borrowed from French related to law and the military?

Legal terms: felony, trespass, assault; Military terms: army, navy, battle, captain, lieutenant.

Topic 093: Borrowings in Middle English

How did literature contribute to the entrance of French words into Middle English?

Literature was a channel for the entrance of French words, and Middle English literature was based directly on French originals.

How did Latin borrowings differ from French borrowings in Middle English?

Latin borrowings were less popular and generally entered through the written language, often through literature.

Topic 094: The Rise of Standard English

Which dialect contributed the most to the formation of standard written English?

The East Midland dialect contributed the most.

What were some characteristics of the East Midland dialect that made it a basis for standardization?

It represented a compromise in sounds and inflections, and it was less conservative than the Southern dialect and less radical than the Northern.

What role did the universities, Oxford and Cambridge, play in the rise of Standard English?

The presence of universities in the East Midland region, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, contributed to its intellectual development.

Topic 095: Importance of London Standard

Why was London significant in the rise of Standard English?

London was the political capital, commercial center, seat of judicial tribunals, and a focus of social and intellectual activities in England.

How did London's economy contribute to the spread of Standard English?

London's economy served as an "engine of communication and exchange," facilitating the distribution of ideas and information.