ENG502 Midterm Solved Papers Set 4

ENG502

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Introduction to Linguistics

Q. Allograph

1. a letter of an alphabet in a particular shape (such as A or a) A variant shape of a letter
2. any of the ways a unit of a writing system, as the letter of an alphabet, is formed or shaped
3. any of the units or combinations of unit that can represent one phoneme as /f/
4. Writing especially a signature, made by one person for another. So, we can see that allograph is the opposite of autograph.

Q. What is the functional morpheme?

A functional morpheme simply modifies the meaning of the word, rather than supplying the root meaning of the word. It encodes grammatical meaning e.g., the girls entered the classroom. In this sentence, ‘the’ is functional morpheme, which is specifying girl and classroom. Functional morphemes belong to the ‘closed’ class of words. Normally, new functional morphemes cannot be coined.

Q. discuss traditional grammar

Traditional Grammar The terms ‘article,’, ‘adjective’, and ‘noun’ that we use to label the grammatical categories of the words in the phrase the lucky boys come from traditional grammar, which has its origins in the description of languages such as Latin and Greek. Since there were well-established grammatical descriptions of these languages, it seemed appropriate to adopt the existing categories from these descriptions and apply them in the analysis of ‘newer’ languages such as English. The best-known terms from that tradition are those used in describing the parts of speech.

Q. types of stress

The stress placed on words within sentences is called sentence stress or prosodic stress. The stress tells the listener which words are important. Most unstressed words are ignored or discarded. it is difficult to define stress solely phonetically. In English there are three types of stress:

syllable stress. when one syllable in a word is pronounced louder and more clearly than adjacent syllables. word stress. when one word is pronounced louder and more clearly than adjacent words in a sentence. phrase, clause or sentence stress.

Q. Language is a mean of control

Controlled languages (sometimes called controlled natural languages or CNLs) are subsets of human languages, such as English or Chinese. Controlled languages use restricted grammar rules and vocabularies (typically between 800 and 1,000 words) to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity. Q. Social interaction source Language is the foundation for most social interaction. People use language to acquire goods, services, and information and to make public their thoughts and feelings. They use language in informal encounters with friends and family and in more task-oriented or highly scripted encounters, such as those occurring in school and the workplace. They also use language in face-to-face encounters as well as in encounters with partners who are not visible to them, such as when they speak on the telephone. Q. Define monosyllable, disyllable, Bisyllable, Trisyllable and Polysyllable. A word that consists of a single syllable (speech sound) (like English dog) is called a monosyllable (and is said to be monosyllabic). Similar terms include disyllable and disyllabic (also bisyllable and bisyllabic) for a word of two syllables; trisyllable (and trisyllabic) for a word of three syllables; and polysyllable (and polysyllabic), which may refer either to a word of more than three syllables or to any word of more than one syllable. An ideal syllable consists of CVC (Consonant Vowel Consonant), for example, cat/kæt/. However, there can be variety in the structure of the syllable.

Q. Interchangeability write examples

Interchangeability refers to the idea that humans can give and receive identical linguistic signals; humans are not limited in the types of messages they can say/hear. One can say "I am a boy" even if one is a girl. This is not to be confused with lying (prevarication). The importance is that a speaker can physically create any and all messages regardless of their truth or relation to the speaker. In other words, anything that one can hear, one can also say. Interchangeability refers to the speaker’s ability to both receive and broadcast the same signal. This is different to some communication systems where, for example, males produce one set of behaviours and females another and they are unable to interchange these messages so that males use the female signal and vice versa.

Q. WHAT IS GRAMMAR?

The word grammar is from Greek word which means "art of letters", (gramma), "letter". Grammar is the set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes phonology, morphology, and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, semantics, and pragmatics.

Grammar refers to cognitive information underlying language use. Speakers of a language have a set of internalized rules for using that language. These rules constitute grammar, and the vast majority of the information in the grammar is—at least in the case of one's native language— acquired not by conscious study or instruction, but by observing other speakers.