ENG507 Midterm Past Paper by Nimma Malik

ENG507 · Nov 2K24 · Recent Papers · Done by Nimma Malik

Write three sentences with stressed words and underline the stressed words

Here are three sentences with stressed words underlined:

1. I LOVE chocolate cake.
2. She WENT to the store yesterday.
3. We NEED to talk about the meeting.

In each sentence, the underlined word is the one that carries the primary stress, meaning it's emphasized more than the other words around it.

Essential requirements of human speech production, any 3

There are three possible mechanisms involved in human speech production.

1. The most common one is the moving of air by compression of the lungs so that the air is expelled through the vocal tract this is called a pulmonic airstream.
2. The second one is the glottalic (produced by the larynx with closed vocal folds - it is moved up and down like the plunger of a bicycle pump).
3. last one is called velaric (where the back of the tongue is pressed against the soft palate or velum

Airstream mechanism names

❖ Pulmonic Airstream Mechanism ❖ Glottalic Airstream Mechanism ❖ Velaric Airstream Mechanism

Define Rhotic accent

In rhotic (e.g., some American) accents, on the other hand, /r/ may occur before consonants (as in ‘cart’ /ka:rt/) and before a pause (as in ‘car’ /kɑ:r/).

most speakers of American English speak with a rhotic accent, but there are non-rhotic areas including the Boston area, lower-class New York and the Deep South.

Other names of narrow and broad transcription

Narrow and broad transcription in phonetics can also be referred to by the following alternative terms:

Narrow Transcription:

❖ Phonetic Transcription ❖ Impressionistic transcription

Broad Transcription:

❖ Phonemic Transcription

Rules for English Consonant Allophones (ECA):

Based on the above discussion on overlapping and co-articulatory gestures, the rules for English consonantal allophones are summarized here in this topic. Remember that it is just a list of a set of formal statements simply describing the behavior of a language. These are not the kind of prescriptive grammar rules that people are expected to abide by.

1. Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase (e.g., bib, did, don and nod).
2. Voiceless stops (e.g., p, t, k) are aspirated when they are syllable initial (pip, test, kick).
3. Voiced obstruents (b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ) are voiced only when they occur at the end of an utterance or before a voiceless sound.
4. 4. Voiced stops (b, d, g) and affricate (dʒ) are voiceless when they are syllable initial (except when immediately preceded by a voiced sound – compare a day with this day).
5. Voiceless stops (p, t, k) are unaspirated after /s/ in words such as spew, stew and skew.
6. Voiceless obstruent’s (p, t, k, tʃ, f, θ, s, ʃ) are longer than their voiced counterparts (b, d, g, dʒ, v, ð, z, ʒ) at the end of a syllable (e.g., cap - cab and back – bag).
7. Approximants (w, r, j, l) are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial voiceless stop sounds (e.g., play, twin, cue).
8. The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop (e.g., apt and rubbed).
9. In many accents of English, syllable final voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture (e.g., tip, pit, kick).
10. /t/ is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal (e.g., beaten).
11. Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word - after an obstruent (e.g., leaden, chasm).
12. The lateral /l/ is syllabic at the end of a word - a consonant (e.g., paddle, whistle).

What is true and what is false about American vowels:

a) Californians do not distinguish between "father " and " author" vowel (TRUE)

b) The vowels [ʊ, u] as in good and food also vary considerably (TRUE)

What are the methods for analyzing intonation:

There are several ways for analyzing intonation. In some approaches, the pitch patterns are described as contours and are further analyzed in terms of levels of pitch as pitch phonemes and morphemes. In others, the patterns are described as tone units or tone groups, analyzed further as contrasts of nuclear tone, tonicity, etc. The three variables (1) pitch range; (2) height and (3) direction are generally distinguished. Some approaches (especially within pragmatics), operate with a much broader notion than that of the tone unit (i.e., intonational phrasing is a structured hierarchy of the intonational constituents in conversation). A formal category of intonational phrase is also sometimes recognized (i.e., an utterance span dominated by boundary tones). One of the most recently developed methods is called the ‘tone and break indices’ (ToBI). This method is used for the description of intonation (H/L) representing pitch changes and showing pitch accent