ENG507 Midterm Solved Papers Set 2

ENG507

ABSTRACT This comprehensive collection of notes is accurately crafted to empower students to excel academically, ensuring they achieve a minimum of 80% marks in their examinations. The content is organized with clarity and precision, focusing on key concepts, critical analyses, and practical applications tailored to the syllabus. These notes serve as a reliable resource for both thorough preparation and last-minute revision. Designed to inspire confidence and mastery, this guide is an essential tool for students striving for academic excellence.

Maha Malik Phonetics and Phonology

Q. Define the term 'rhotic accent'

A rhotic speaker pronounces the letter "R" in hard and water. In other words, rhotic speakers pronounce "R" in all positions.

Q. Two types of sounds involving aspiration process - 2 marks

(such as Urdu) it is phonemic.

Q. Tone language's

In the case of tone languages, it is usual to identify tones as being a property of individual syllables, whereas an intonational tone may be spread over many syllables. Similarly, in the analysis of English intonation, tone refers to one of the pitch possibilities for the tonic (or nuclear) syllable, a set usually including fall, rise, fall–rise and rise fall, though others are also suggested by various experts.

Q. feel, father, put describe vowels with tongue position

A low vowel (such as a in “father” or “had”) is produced with the tongue relatively flat. You may also be able to feel the [i] as somewhat further forward

Q. pronouncing /u/ tongue position is:

Vowel /ʊ/ is often pronounced with spread lips in this variety of English. It is like the back of the tongue is raised for an /u/ vowel sound creating a secondary (articulation) constriction.

Q. H and L stand for in break indicates 2 marks

One of the most recently developed methods is called the ‘tone and break indices’ (ToBI). This method is used for the description of intonation (H/L) representing pitch changes and showing pitch accent – phrase accent and boundary by showing tone and break indices. This is based on describing High (H) and Low (L) pitches in a sentence representing pitch changes and showing pitch accent – phrase accent and boundary (of the phrase).

Q. Define relation of F1 and F2 in vowel sound?

Acoustically, vowels are mainly distinguished by the first two formant frequencies F1 and F2; F1 is inversely related to the vowel height (which means that smaller F1 amplitude = higher vowels), and F2 is related to the front or back of the vowels (smaller F2 amplitude = more back vowels).

Q. What does Grey areas indicate in chart

Areas of darker gray represent impossible articulations.

Q. Define sibilant fricative

The fricatives [s, z, ʒ, ʃ] are called sibilant sounds. Sibilant fricatives (such as s, ʃ) are strong and clearly audible and strident fricatives are weak and less audible (such as θ, f).

Q. No. Of syllables of exist; pronunciation and enough 3 marks

1. Ex-ist
2. Pro-nun-ci-a-tion
3. En-ough

Q. EXPLAIN the features (Voicing, MoA and PoA)

Place of articulation = alveolar. The narrowing of the vocal tract involves the tongue tip &the alveolar ridge Manner of articulation = oral stop. (The narrowing is complete -- the tongue is completely blocking off airflow through the mouth. ... Voicing = voiced. articulation, phonation, etc.

Q. Stress Rules: (V.V.V. IMP)

2 types of stress are important. Firstly, stress on a syllable within a word (the lexical stress) which changes the grammatical category of a word (compare insult with insult) and also change meaning among other things. On the other hand, stress on a word or certain words in a phrase or sentence. This type of stress (on word(s) within sentences) is called sentence level or prosodic stress. This is, in fact, a change or modification to word level stress in a sentence which is basically a change of ‘beat’ on certain words in a sentence. Remember that, we create ‘rhythm’ in spoken language on the basis of stress.

Q. Homograph

It is a group (usually a pair) of words that are spelled the same way, & may or may not be pronounced the same way, although the difference in pronunciation is often just a shift in the accented syllable. There is a whole class of homographs that end in -ate, usually with one being a verb and the other being a noun or an adjective related to it. E.g : " Advocate" can be pronounced with a long "a" sound and mean "to speak or write in support of" " Advocate" can also be pronounced with a short "a" sound and refer to a person who supports or pleads the cause of another.

Q. Supra segmental

‘Supra’ means above (beyond) and ‘segments’ means sounds (such as vowels and consonants) so the term ‘suprasegmental’ means ‘above sounds’. The term suprasegmental was initially invented to refer to aspects of sound such as intonation that did not seem to be the properties of individual segments (i.e. the vowels and consonants of which speech is composed).. There has never been full agreement about how many suprasegmental features are to be found in speech, but pitch, loudness, tempo, juncture, syllable, rhythm and stress are the most commonly mentioned ones.

Q. Phonation types:

Voiceless – when the folds are open apart and the air passing through the glottis freely (/t/ or /p/).