ENG510 Quiz 1

QUIZ 1 Topic 21/45

Sociolinguistics is the study of the connection between language and society and the way people use language in different social situations. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. The question that arises is whether variation is free or structured. observed in language was “free” and“unconstrained”. The most common products are pidgins, creoles, codeswitching, and mixed languages. Wave model originally presented by Johannes Schmidt. 20 th century, the wave model has had little acceptance as a model for language. Model of the diffusion of innovations was introduced by Peter Trudgill to sociolinguistics. gravity model was originally used to describe the diffusion of non-linguistic innovations. The gravity model was originally used to describe the diffusion of non-linguistic innovations. The British sociolinguist Robert Le Page is famous for his studies of variation in creole speaking communities in the Caribbean and Britain. Le Page was intrigued by the number of different styles or registers that were often in play in these communities. studying variation, whether it is from a quantitative or qualitative perspective, variation is quite predictable and depends entirely on the immediate linguistic context in which the /p/ occurs. Synchronic linguistics is the study of a language at a given point in time. A synchronic study of language is a comparison of languages or dialects that are used within some defined spatial region and during the same period of time. The term diachronic consists of ‘dia’ that means ‘throughout’; and ‘chron’ that means ‘time’. Diachronic linguistics is the study of language through different periods in history. Diachronic linguistics is one of the two main temporal dimensions of language study identified by a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. synchronic perspective about varieties of English and worldwide spread of English, International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Nature of participants, their relationship (socio-economic, sexual, occupational, etc.) Number of participants (face-to-face or one addressing a large audience, etc.) English from the Old English period to the twentieth century is a diachronic study. Latin as dialects of Latin (or the Romance dialects). Dialectology (from Greek διάλεκτος, dialektos, "talk, dialect"; and -λογία, -logia) is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. The name `Proto-Indo-European to the node at the top of the tree, family tree model, which was developed in the 19 th cetury as an aid in the historical study of languages. Selection: When a particular variety is selected as the one to be developed into a standard language. proper language is a standard language. Standard languages are interesting in as they have a rather special relation to society. ironical that academic linguistics is likely to arise only in a society with a standard language, such as Britain, the United States or France. Standard languages are the result of a direct and deliberate intervention by society. The term ‘dialect’ is a very powerful and common way of characterization. `language AND dialect is an influence of Greek culture. George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion is a very easy way to explain the idea. Haugen (1966) states that this was the case in England until the term dialect was borrowed in the Renaissance, as a learned word from Greek. Croft (2000) assumes that language change is at least partly random. the study of linguistic change is the so-called “Uniformitarian Axiom”. Labov (1994) characterizes language change as “irrational, violent, and unpredictable”. study the history of words, i.e. Etymology Phonetic: Old English had the sound u-umlaut, while that sound is no longer present in modern English(ME) First Premise: Linguistics is a descriptive rather than a prescriptive discipline. Second Premise: Every naturally used language variety is systematic with regular rules and restrictions at the lexical, phonological and grammatical level. Thrid Premise: Primary attention to speech rather than writing New Guinea comprising between 700 and 800 languages, Austronesian and non-Austronesian (or Papuan). English. Urdu is the official language. national language Urdu has a number of handicaps. Language and social interaction have a reciprocal relationship. Africa we shall delve into the situations of a sample African country of Cameroon. New Guinea there is no one-to-one mapping between village names, groups, and language names. The greatest concentration of diversity is found in Melanesia. Dialect differences are not only geographical. Hip Hop Speech Style (HHSS),