ENG512 Final Term Notes by Nimma Malik

Topic#147 · Models of Bilingualism · Overview:

❖ Bilingual communities have different needs ❖ Dissimilar aspirations and situations ❖ Different models of bilingualism ❖ Additive bilingualism ❖ Subtractive bilingualism

❖ Complexity of bilingualism in the 21st century ❖ Unprecedented pace of change ❖ Migration ❖ Globalization ❖ Technology

Topic#148 · Subtractive Bilingualism · Loss of the first language:

• L1+L2L1=L2 • Results from monoglossic ideologies • Language attrition • Immigrants’ discouragement of the use of L1

• Behaviorism • Indigenous populations in several countries cut off from their families in boarding schools • Language death

Context of Pakistan:

❖ Discouragement of the use of L1 in schools ❖ Language prestige and status ❖ Hegemony of English language

Topic#149 · Additive Bilingualism · Adding to the linguistic repertoire:

❖ L1+L2=L1+L2 ❖ Learning and maintaining two languages ❖ Presented by Lambert (1975) ❖ The concept entails two languages each equivalent to a monolingual repertoire ❖ Integrated approach missing ❖ In response to the Canadian bilingual identity declared in 1969.

Topic#150

Revitalization of language:

• Old language revived • The start is not from scratch as in additive bilingualism • Not accessed systematically • In bits and pieces aspects of language are revived • Hebrew • Language revived as new functions are ascribed to it • Change in language itself possible

Topic#151

Complex:

❖ Process of simultaneously drawing upon different languages ❖ Non-linear ❖ Multimodal resources used ❖ Opportunities opened because of the technology ❖ Options in interaction ❖ Responds to the unpredictable terrain of communication ❖ Closely related to plurilingualism

Topic#152

Plurilingualism as competence:

• Use of multiple languages for different functions
• Common European Framework of Reference for a Languages
• Tolerance of other forms of languaging
• Acceptance of difference

Helpful in:

❖ Going beyond the concept of balanced bilingualism ❖ Conceptualizing hybrid language use ❖ Plolyglot dialogue/ receptive bilingualism

Topic#153 · Questioning Assumptions · Overview:

• Bilingualism as social practice of individuals
• Not as just two languages spoken
• Translanguaging at the core

Problematizing:

❖ Semilingualism

❖ Mother tongue and second language learners ❖ Heritage language learners ❖ How the terms have been used ❖ Need for challenging them

Two assumptions:

1. These terms emerge from a linguistic focus
2. Conceptualizing translanguaging means rejecting monolingual ideals and using a heteroglossic lens

Topic#154 · Semilingualism · Assumption:

• Monolingual norm • Unequal performance of bilingual children in different languages

Challenged:

❖ Languaging and discursive practices of bilinguals amid social and political constraints ❖ Term not useful but continues to be used to label ❖ Tanslanguaging not semilingualism