ENG512 Final Term Past Papers

Q. Elements of sign languages

Sign languages include hand shapes, movements, locations, orientations, and facial expressions. These visual-manual modalities create meaning, akin to phonemes and syntax in spoken languages.

Q. Language policy

Language policy includes language management, language practices, and language beliefs or ideology. It serves goals such as identity, ideology, image creation, insecurity, inequality, integration, and instrumental motives.

Q. Define translanguaging and Write it's characteristics?

Translanguaging is a practice where bilinguals use their entire language repertoire. Characteristics include:

•  Seamless integration of languages
•  Enhances learning by leveraging full linguistic abilities
•  Helps in constructing meaning and mediating understanding

Q. Dynamic and respective bilingualism

Dynamic bilingualism involves the ability to use two languages flexibly and adaptively in various contexts, whereas receptive bilingualism refers to understanding a language without necessarily speaking it fluently.

Q. Different between translanguaging and code switching

Translanguaging involves the seamless blending of languages within a single communicative act, reflecting a holistic approach to bilingualism. Code switching, however, is the alternating between distinct languages or language varieties based on context or conversational cues.

Q. Child who learn the first language in bilingualism

A child learning a first language in a bilingual context typically develops two linguistic systems simultaneously, often resulting in greater cognitive flexibility, enhanced problem-solving skills, and a deeper cultural awareness.

Q. Flexible bilingualism?

Flexible bilingualism refers to the ability to adapt language use according to the context, purpose, and interlocutors, seamlessly switching between languages and integrating them as needed.

Q. Phonological language borrowing?

Phonological language borrowing occurs when a language adopts sounds or phonological rules from another language, often as a result of prolonged contact between linguistic communities.

Q. Multiple bilingualism?

Multiple bilingualism involves proficiency in more than two languages, often with varying degrees of fluency, and the ability to navigate and switch between these languages based on context and necessity.

Q. Constructive language?

Constructive language use refers to the creative and adaptive use of language to build understanding, resolve conflicts, and foster communication in diverse settings.

Q. Define subtractive bilingual with respect to Pakistani context

Subtractive bilingualism in Pakistan often involves adding a second language at the expense of the first language, leading to the loss of the first language.

Q. Characteristics of convergent bilingual teaching

What characterizes convergent bilingual teaching is the use of the two languages concurrently in ways that subordinate one language to the other following a flexible convergent arrangement. The teacher’s intent is always to develop a language of power or to make content in the majority language understood. Thus, when the minority language is used, its only purpose is to support instruction in the majority language.

Q. Explain that nonstandard languages are old as language history

Nonstandard languages, often marginalized in formal settings, have existed since the dawn of human communication, reflecting the diverse ways people adapt language to meet social, cultural, and practical needs.

Q. How older students can make better progress in learning second language

Older students often make better progress in learning a second language due to their advanced cognitive skills, metalinguistic awareness, and ability to apply learning strategies effectively.

Q. How macro alternation facilitates bilingualism

Macro alternation, or the use of different languages for distinct functions or in different domains of life, facilitates bilingualism by providing clear contexts and purposes for each language.

Q. Mono literate bilingualism

Monoliterate bilingualism refers to the ability to speak two languages but only read and write proficiently in one, often due to educational and sociocultural factors.