PSY406 Final Term Preparation 100+ Quiz and Definitions by ZB Zaib

PSY406: Educational Psychology

Final Term Preparation File (Lessons 22-45)

Author: ZB ZAIB Contact: /

Quranic Motivation (Roman English)

“Insaan ke liye wahi kuch hota hai jis ke liye woh khud mehnat aur koshish karta hai.”

Reference: Surah An-Najm, Ayah 39

File Introduction

This preparation file is strictly designed according to the official LMS handouts and the approved Final Term syllabus (Lessons 22 to 45). The primary focus of this document is to promote a deep conceptual understanding of Educational Psychology rather than rote memorization, aiming to help students achieve a 4.0 CGPA.

Key Features of this File:

Syllabus Focus: Covers only the Final Term syllabus (Lessons 22-45) as per official requirements. Deep Explanations: Every lesson is explained in detail using very simple English to ensure even beginners can grasp complex concepts. Daily Life Examples: Mandatory daily life examples are provided for every topic to bridge the gap between theory and practice. Conceptual Approach: VU exams are known for being conceptual. This file prepares you to handle any scenario-based question. Supportive Resource: This file is a comprehensive support tool for LMS handouts. However, students are strongly advised to read the official LMS handouts at least three times for the best results.

Lesson-wise Content

In the name of Allah.

Lesson 22: Complex Cognitive Processes I

Teaching Concepts through Discovery Jerome Bruner introduced “Discovery Learning.” He believed that students should not just sit and listen to a teacher (passive learning). Instead, they should be active. They should explore and find out the basic rules or principles of a subject themselves. This makes the knowledge stick better because the student “discovered” it.

Example: Instead of a teacher telling students that “plants need sunlight to grow,” the teacher gives students two plants—one in the dark and one in the sun—and lets them see the difference themselves.

Teaching Concepts through Exposition David Ausubel had a different view called “Expository Teaching.” He believed teachers should present information in a very organized and clear way. He suggested moving from “General” (big ideas) to “Specific” (small details).

Example: A teacher first explains what a “Vehicle” is (General) and then talks about “Cars,” “Bikes,” and “Trucks” (Specific).

Reasoning Types:

1. Inductive Reasoning: Making a general rule from small details. (Example: You see 10 white swans and conclude “All swans are white.”)
2. Deductive Reasoning: Taking a general rule and applying it to a specific case. (Example: You know “All humans are mortal.” Since “Ali is a human,” then “Ali is mortal.”)

Problem Solving A problem is when you have a goal but don’t know how to reach it yet.

Algorithm: A step-by-step fixed formula. If you follow it correctly, you always get the right answer. (Example: Following a recipe to bake a cake.) Heuristics: General “rules of thumb” or guesses. They don’t guarantee an answer but help you try. Working Backward: Starting from the goal and moving to the start. (Example: Solving a maze by starting from the “Exit.”) Analogical Thinking: Using a solution from a similar past problem. (Example: If you fixed a leaky tap before, you use the same logic to fix a leaky pipe.)

1. Short Question: Differentiate between Discovery and Expository teaching.

Answer: Discovery teaching (Bruner) is where students find answers themselves through activity. Expository teaching (Ausubel) is where the teacher provides organized information directly. Example: In Discovery, a child learns a toy’s function by playing with it. In Expository, the parent explains how the toy works first.

2. Long Question: Explain the two types of reasoning with examples.

Answer: Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to general rules. Deductive reasoning moves from general rules to specific conclusions. Example: Inductive: You notice every time you drop a ball, it falls; so you conclude “Gravity pulls things down.” Deductive: You know “Gravity pulls things down,” so you conclude “If I drop this pen, it will fall.”

1. MCQ: Who is the proponent of Discovery Learning? (A) Ausubel (B) Bruner © Piaget (D) Bandura. Answer: B. Reasoning: Bruner emphasized active discovery.
2. MCQ: A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution is: (A) Heuristic (B) Algorithm © Discovery (D) Reasoning. Answer: B. Reasoning: Algorithms are fixed