PSY504 Midterm Subjective 2023

PSY504 Midterm subjective solved by S.MALIK…..

11 to 23 December 2023

Q1. Difference b/w similarity and good continuation?

together.

Q2. Brief experiment of Hubel & Wiesel?

Another important experiment was conducted by Hubel & Wiesel in 1962. They started their experiment with cats. They used visual cortex of the cat. They showed different stimuli, lights and shapes to cats and then they viewed cortical cells are more complex. They found that visual cortical cells responded in a more complex manner than lower cells. They named those cells bar detectors and edge detectors. Edge detectors help us to understand where an object ends and other starts. Edge detectors respond positively to light on one side of line and negatively to light on the other side. And Bar detectors respond positively to light in the center and negatively to light at the periphery, or vice versa. Both bars and edges detectors are specific with respect to position, orientation, and width. That is, they respond only to stimulation in a small area of visual field. Bar and Edge detectors combine to see a lot of objects as shown in the figure.

Q3. Lobes of brain?

The brain can be divided into four lobes:  Occipital lobe

 Frontal lobe

 Temporal lobe

 Parietal lobe.

In each lobe are performed certain specialized functions.

Several attached pictures describe different features of the neuron, synapses, and brain organization. Study these pictures to get a broad idea of how the brain structure is organized.

Q4. Experiment of shriffen and Fisk?

Schneider & Fisk (1982), Schneider & Shiffrin (1977), Shiffrin & Dumais (1982), and Shiffrin & Schneider (1977) performed a series of experiments contrasting controlled vs. automatic processing. They said automatic processes complete themselves without conscious control by the subject. In the visual and auditory report tasks reviewed earlier, the registering of the stimuli in sensory memory is an automatic process. Many aspects of driving a car and comprehending language appear to be automatic. Controlled processing seems to require conscious control. Many higher cognitive processes, such as performing mental arithmetic, are controlled. In their experiments, subjects were required to scan visual arrays. The subjects were given a target letter or number and are instructed to scan a series of visual displays for the target.

Q5. Subsidiary Task?

A task that typically measures how quickly people can react to target stimulus in order to evaluate the capacity demands of the primary task.

Q6. Time frame in the psychological time reference?

Psychological time

We all are living in the past. This past is not in passive term. Because we receive visual information that is one second old. And we receive auditory information that is 5 seconds old. Information is not only being received but also is being reconstructed. We are creating the reality afresh, every moment. Every icon is separate entity. New information is different entity. It reconstructs reality with combining other entity. The heart of cognitive psychology lies in its experimentation.

Q7. Ulric Neissers experiments?

Ulric Neisser wrote first cognitive psychology book in 1957. He devised a word icon. It is a brief visual memory revealed in these experiments. He devised the word iconic memory for short term visual memory. According to Neisser, the visual memory is neither short term memory nor long term memory but it is very very short term memory and should b called as iconic memory. Without such a visual icon, perception would be much more difficult. Many stimuli are of very duration. In order to recognize them, the system needs some means of holding on to them for a short while until they can be analyzed. Neisser also reported that if another display is given during that one second when you are already retaining an image it is like erasing or washing out the first and overwriting the second one. Almost all the information is held for a very brief period (1 second). It is quickly washed out after removal of stimulus unless attention is paid to it.

Q8. Three experiments of road accidents?

Kahneman, Ben-Ishai & Lotan (1973) studied bus drivers. Accident prone drivers: 2 or more severe accidents in one year Accident-free drivers: no accidents in the same period Intermediate drivers: in-between the two groups Selective Listening task had a high correlation with driver safety. Those drivers performed best in selective listening task they were safe drivers and had low rate of accidents. Other road accident experiment Mihal & Barett (1976) used seven tests to predict accident involvement of commercial drivers. They found selective listening task to be the best predictor. Surprising result was because a visual task was not as good a predictor as listening. Perhaps because selective listening task is a general measure of attention. Those good at switching attention in an auditory task are also good at visual tasks (Hunt, Pellegrino & Yee, 1989).

Q9. When is a skill automatic?

According to Posner and Snyder (1975) A skill is automatic if it:

1. Occurs without intention
2. Does not give rise to conscious awareness
3. Does not interfere with other mental activities

Q10. Difference b/w Brain-injured Humans and Brains of Dead People?

The study of brain injured humans has greatly enriched our understanding of human cognition. It has allowed psychologists to design split brain experiments which made us aware of the differences between the right and the left hemispheres of the brain.

Brains of Dead People

The study of brains of dead people has also added to understanding of cognition but to a limited extent. The brains of people with certain brain disorders were studied to see if any traces of the illness can shed light on normal brain functioning.

Q11. Difference b/w Synapse and neurotransmitter?

The neuron is not directly connected to other neurons. A fluid called the neurotransmitter moves between the dendrites from one neuron and the axon of the other neuron. The gap between the neuron which contains the neurotransmitter is called the synapse. It is the synapse which transmits the electric impulse generated in one neuron to the other neurons.

Q12. Difference b/w hardware and software level description?

The hardware level description may consist of studying the visual sensation itself. And we can study how the sensory neurons carry the information higher in the system. We can study the visual cortex, the part of the brain concerning itself with visual processing.