EDU302 Final Term Current Solved Questions 2021

MUHAMMAD IMRAN EDU302 Human Development and Learning · CURRENT SOLVED PAPER · FINAL TERM 2021

Q1. CRITICISMS OF GILLIGAN’S THEORY

1. Theory is based on moral decisions in an actual real life situation. Findings may not apply in ALL situations.
2. Data was collected on women ONLY.
3. Gilligan also never published her data in peer-reviewed journals.

2. Differentiate between interpersonal and intrapersonal intelligence

Interpersonal Intelligence: Ability of a person to understand and interact with other people effectively

Good leader or manager and have to coordinate with employees then you might have good

(i) Sensitive to understand others, behaviour.

(ii) It is understanding the motives, feelings and the behaviour of others.

(iii) Example: Psychologists, politicians, social workers.

Intrapersonal Intelligence: Ability to understand one’s innermost feelings

Different from interpersonal intelligence This is more about how you understand your self Are you self aware or not? How well you can control your emotions and moods? You know your strengths and weaknesses?

(i) Awareness of one's own feeling, motives and desires.

(ii) This refers to the knowledge of one's internal strengths and limitations.

(iii) Example: Philosophers, spiritual leaders.

Q3. How many intelligences of Gardner?

1. Logical mathematical intelligence · 2. Verbal linguistic · 3. Interpersonal intelligence · 4. Body Kinesthetic Intelligence · 5. Musical Intelligence · 6. Visual Spatial · 7. Intrapersonal intelligence · 8. Naturalistic intelligence

Q4. What do you know type theory of personality. (2 marks)

Personality types are groups of traits that are thought to always occur together  Type theories are simplest and oldest ways of describing individual differences by classifying people into types on the basis of a major characteristics such as differences in body chemistry or variation in body shape.  Type theorists hold that personality differences are due to an imbalance of FOUR humors or body fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.  An excess of each humor is said to create specific personality temperament:  sanguine (optimistic) type was associated with blood,  the phlegmatic type (slow, unconcerned and lethargic) with phlegm  choleric (angry) type with yellow bile  And the melancholic type (sad, depressed) with black bile

5. Theories of personality.

Type Theories Trait Theories Psychodynamic Theories Learning Theories Humanistic Theories Cognitive Theories Erikson’s Theory of Personality Development

Q6. Criticism on Erikson theory (5 marks)

Ambiguous terms and concepts Lack of precision Some terms are not easily measured empirically Experiences in stage may only apply to males Stages are not mutually exclusive, neither do they fit in neatly packaged age intervals The order of the stages may not be same for every one e.g., gender difference etc. Identity crisis may only apply to those affluent enough to explore identities

Q7. Note on problem solving (5 marks)

Somewhat less open-ended than creative thinking is problem solving, the analysis and solution of tasks or situations that are complex or ambiguous and that pose difficulties or obstacles of some kind (Mayer & Wittrock, 2006).

Problem solving is needed, for example, when a physician analyzes a X-ray: a photograph of the foot is far from clear and requires skill, experience, and resourcefulness to decide which foggy-looking blobs to ignore, and which to interpret as real physical structures (and therefore real medical concerns).

Problem solving is also needed when a grocery store manager has to decide how to improve the sales of a product: should she put it on sale at a lower price, or increase publicity for it, or both? Will these actions actually increase sales enough to pay for their costs?

Q8. Physical characteristics of primary grades student (5 marks)

1. Physical Characteristics

1. Primary grade children still remain active. As they are frequently required to participate in activities while sitting at one place; energy is often released in the form of nervous habits such as pencil chewing, fingernail biting etc. Teachers should decide appropriate noise level and activity level in the class. Absolute quietness should not be insisted because working hard to remain quiet shall divert their efforts from their lessons. Certain amount of movement in the class may also be allowed. Moderate degree of control should prevail. Frequent breaks, lessons of short duration and building activity into the lessons can also help in reducing fidgeting.
2. Children in these grades still need rest periods after physical and mental exertion. Therefore, quiet activities after hard activities and relaxing activities after activities involving mental concentration should be scheduled.
3. Large-muscle control is still superior to fine-muscle control—and coordination. Drill periods and writing periods should not be too long in order to avoid development of negative attitude toward these tasks and toward school.
4. Many primary grade children may have difficulty in focussing on small print or objects. Too much reading at one stretch may not be desirable. The blackboard writing should be in large letters.
5. At this age, children are extreme in their physical activities, have excellent control of their bodies and develop considerable confidence in skills and underestimate dangers involved in physical activities. Therefore, accident rate is high. During the recess period, wild but safe games should be encouraged.
6. Bone growth is not yet complete, therefore bones can't still bear heavy pressure. Children should not be put to strenuous tests of strength like punching. Instead, competition involving coordinated skill should be encouraged. In team games, rotation should be observed.

Q8. Types of individual differences (3 marks)

Following are the types of individual differences

Differences in Interest

Interest may refer as a motivating force that compels us to attend to a person, a thing,

or an activity. So in educational field differences in interest means you observe some

students like a particular subject, teacher, hobby or profession than other.

Difference in Attitude

Difference in attitude is psyche related to something. Few learners have positive attitude

towards a specific topic, subject, and profession than other. The role of education in

society is to develop positive attitude.

Difference in Values

Values are the things that are given importance by an individual. Some learners value

materialist life style other moral or religious life style etc. So education must mould the

mind of young generation to have a balance values between materialism and

spiritualism.

Study Habits

It is clearly observable that some students markedly differ from other students in study

habits. Some students are studious and study all the subjects with interest but other

may not. Some study in isolation and some in group.

Difference in Psychomotor Skills

Psychomotor Skill is related to some skill acquisition. Some students differ in this area

also. Some students like football, other cricket, etc. Some students easily learn

operating a machine and some may not. A wise teacher should diagnose students’

psychomotor skills abilities and encourage them in that direction.

Difference in Self Concept

Difference in self-concept is the totality of attitudes, judgment, and values of an

individual relating to his behavior, abilities, and qualities. So some students have

positive self-concept than boost their confidence level and perform better against those

who have negative self-image.