EDU302 Final Term 2021

Khudija Ehsan

1. Definition of growth.

The term growth denotes a net increase in the size, or mass of the tissue. It is largely attributed to multiplication of cells and increase in the intracellular substance.

According to Crow and Crow (1962)

Growth refers to structural and physiological changes.

1. Definition of development.

Development specify maturation of functions. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system and indicates acquisition of a variety of skills for optimal functioning of the individual.

2. Difference between growth and development.

Growth

development

1. Growth mainly focuses on quantitative improvement.
2. Growth ends at maturation.
3. Growth is dependent on cellular changes.
4. Growth is associated with the progressive physical change from one stage to another.
5. Growth is external. 1. Development is associated with both qualitative and quantitative improvement. 2. Development is a consistent process and continues throughout life. 3. Development is dependent on organizational transformation. 4. development is the gradual transformation of behavioral and skill set changes 5. Development is an internal process.
6. General principles of development.
7. Development is a continues process
8. Development follows a pattern:
9. Development proceeds from general to specific responses
10. Development involves change
11. Development is a product of interaction of the heredity and environment
12. Principle of uniqueness
13. The Principle of Interaction of Maturation and Learning
14. Factors influence human development.

Factors influencing human development Environmental factors, such as income and education, all affect a child's development. A safe community offers a chance to explore. Income affects nutrition, housing, clothing, toys and access to resources and programs. A parent's education may affect how often they read to the child. Biological factors, including gender and health, affect development. Females and males develop at different rates. Children with health or mental issues develop differently. Nutrition and physical activity affect a child's growth and health. A child's relationships are important. Children bond strongly with their parents and play and learn with siblings and peers at school. Some children are involved in Sunday school, daycare or other social groups. Early sensory experiences affect development. All five senses are involved in a child developing an understanding of the world.

5. Main phase of development.

There are two main phases of the process of development i.e the stage or phase of before Birth and the stage or phase of after Birth. The second phase of life has four stages, i.e. Infancy, childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood. The period of infancy covers the period from birth to 5 years, childhood from 6 to 12 years and adolescence from 12 to 18/19 years. Each stage of development has its own specific characteristics.

L#2

6. Human growth and maturation. 7.

Human growth

Maturation. Growth is the increase in overall body size with changes in muscle, bone and fat and this affects motor skills. Growth is complicated because: Different parts of the body grow at different rates; periods of growth start and stop at different times. Growth is one of the characteristics of living organisms. It is a process which involves to increase the size and complexity and change the shape of the bodies of living organisms. Growth is irreversible. Growth in humans is rapid at two stagesfirst, during the period of gestation and two years after the birth of a child and second, during adolescence (the age from 11 to 17 or 18). Maturation refers to changes that occur naturally, spontaneously and automatically. These are to a large extent, genetically programmed which appear at certain period of age and are relatively unaffected by environment except in cases of malnutrition or severe illness. Maturation has diverse meanings. One meaning that is relevant to the topic of growth is "the process of being mature". This period starts by the end of the puberty in human.

Q7. What is intelligence?

Intelligence is an inferred process that humans use to explain the different degrees of adaptive success in people’s behavior.

Q8. What are the forces which influence man’s behavior?

Man’s behavior is influenced by two forces: heredity and environment.

Q9. What is heredity?

The biological or psychological characteristics which are transmitted by the parents to their offsprings are known by the name of heredity. Heredity is, in other words, a biological process of transmission of certain traits of behavior of the parents to their children, by means of the fertilized egg. Heredity traits are innate; they are present at birth.

Q10. What kind of Nature-nurture is involves?

The nature-nurture issue involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or by nurture.

11. Write the aspects of human development.

1. Physical Development

It deals with changes in body structure and functions mainly due to growth or maturation. Therefore, physical development can properly be called as physical growth rather than physical development. Learning plays little role in physical development.

2. Social Development

It refers to changes in the way an individual relates to others. A large part of these changes are due to learning.

3. Emotional Development

It means changes in the way individual becomes capable of understanding, expressing and controlling personal feelings, understanding feelings of others and responding to them. In emotional development maturation and learning both play important role. It is yet debatable that which plays a greater role.

4. Intellectual Development

It refers to changes by which mental processes becomes more complex and sophisticated. Intellectual development is also considered to be under the influence of both heredity (maturation) and environment (learning).

Q12. What is Meta cognition?

Metacognition refers to awareness of one’s own knowledge----what one does and doesn’t know---and one’s ability to understand, control, and manipulate one’s cognitive processes (Meichenbaum, 1985)." Metacognition" is often simply defined as "thinking about thinking.