ENG509 Midterm Past Papers Compiled

ENG509 · MIDTERM PRAPERATION FILE 2024 · IMPORTANT SHORT AND LONG QUESTION

foundational beliefs about linguistics that languages differ from one another. Clipping is the creation of a new word by truncation of an existing one. ‘fish (sg)’ and ‘fish (pl)’, we cannot posit a zero plural . Greek: morphmeans ‘shape, form’ • Morphology is the study of form or forms.

Stem: ‘A stem is a base unit to which another morphological piece is attached, Morphology is a distinct component of languages or grammars. Albert Einstein said that a physicist must be both a realist and a nominalist morphemes are segmental A morpheme may have zero as one of its allomorphs provided it has a non-zero allomorph. single word can have multiple uses and interpretations. Words like noun, verb, adjective, and adverb refer to what linguists call lexical category smallest unit of language that can stand alone. Affixes: units incapable of standing alone Words tend to be important units phonologically as well as syntactically • Linguists distinguish phonological words, grammatical words and lexemes. phonological word has a main stress. phonologically dependent on adjacent words, are called clitics. clitics pattern like distinct words, but they cannot stand alone phonologically. Proclitics clitics pattern like distinct words, but they cannot stand alone phonologically. lexeme is a theoretical construct that corresponds roughly to one of the common senses of the term word. morphemes in a word, we generally end up with something ungrammatical. Words differ from larger unit. Inflection involves the formation of grammatical forms – past, present, future; singular, plural. Regular verb lexemes in English have a lexical stem. Derivation involves the creation of one lexeme. Morphology is the arrangement of these morphemes into a particular order or structure. Greek lexikós ‘pertaining to words’ and often designates a book containing a list of words in a language along with their definition. Meaning of a complex word is the sum of the meaning . interactions and the grammar that describes them are often called morphophonology or morphophonemics. Readers to have the rudimentary knowledge of linguistics three terms that are onset, nucleus, and coda. three allomorphs of the plural suffix depend on phonological context. The last two, as in oxen and sheep, are lexical. Three allomorphs is predictable. Prosodic morphology deals with the interaction of morphology and prosodic structure. Prosodic structure is particularly concerned with the timing units of languages. Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Semitic languages, roots consist of three consonants: CCC morphologists is to use the symbol ‘+’ to mark the juncture between a stem and a primary affix . Hock gives the example of English plurals. four-part analogy that the plural of cow is cows, replacing the earlier form kine. One secret language is Pig Latin. Verlan [vεʁlɑ̃], based on French. Ferdinand de Saussure one of the first modern linguists. sign, signifier, and signified, are still standard in linguistic. Motivation is related to the logical notion of composition or compositionality. A sign is motivated to the extent that by inspection you can get clues as to what it means. Doghouse Its meaning is derivable from its two components. Words like this that are used but not stored are called nonce forms or hapax legomena. Derivational processes is not limited to compounding, zero-derivation, and affixation. Dependent on orthography rather than pronunciation. FBI differs from the other acronyms in in being pronounced letter by letter. Clipping: creation of a new word by truncation of an existing one. Backformation: the creation of a word by removing what appears to be an affix. There were four rows of seats. countable nouns in English have two word forms: a singular and a plural. you the two forms are identical. Parasynthesis constitutes a problem for morphological structures. Suppletion is said to take place when the syntax requires a form of a lexeme that is not morphologically predictable. Bulgarian imperfect and aorist paradigms, the second person singular and third person singular forms are identical. England was ruled for a long period after 1066 by a monarch and a nobility whose native language was a variety of French. French is one of the so-called Romance languages. Universal Grammar is the theory developed by Noam Chomsky that states that all languages are identical at some level of analysis. morphological knowledge is a battle ground for different theories about the nature of linguistic rules. Germanic languages borrowed many words from French, of culture, science, and diplomacy borrowing had its impact on the morphology of Germanic languages. Complex words, once they are coined, may be subject to reanalysis and reduction. word grammar is derived from Greek, which means "art of letters", from γράμμα (gramma), "letter", itself from γράφειν (graphein), "to draw, to write".

Q. Define morphology ?

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

Greek: morphmeans ‘shape, form’,

Morphology is the study of form or forms

Q. In linguistics define “morphology ?

The mental system involved in word formation

Or

The branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.

Q. Make noun phrases with

Determiner+noun: the village, a house, our friends

Qualifier+ noun: some people, alot of money

Q. Separate borrowing word: gourmate, renaissance, ketchup, pizza, essence, pen, 5 marks

Gourmet Renaissance Examples: Some people: " Some" is a qualifier that indicates an unspecified amount of people. " People" is the noun. A lot of money: "A lot of" is a qualifier that indicates a large amount. " Money" is the noun. The village: " The" is a determiner that specifies a particular village. " Village" is the noun. A house: "A" is a determiner that refers to any house, not a specific one. " House" is the noun. Our friends: " Our" is a determiner that indicates the friends belong to "us." " Friends" is the noun.

Gourmet (French) Renaissance (French) Ketchup (Chinese) Pizza (Italian) Essence (Latin) The word "pen" is not included in the list of borrowed words as it has been fully integrated and altered in English over time.