ZOO504 Official Handouts

ZOO504 - Wildlife

1; Introduction

“Wildlife” refers to neither cultivated or domesticated nor tamed organisms.

Or

Organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being intervened by humans.

Wild life is natural renewable resource with a great importance throughout world.

It comprises innumerous varieties of living organism in their natural habitats.

 Wild Plants  Wild Animals  Fungi  Microorganisms

Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems.

 Deserts  Forests  Rain forests  Plains  Grasslands

Habitat determines any wildlife species found in any area. The amount and distribution of food, water, cover, and space will influence the type and survival of wildlife in that area. Some wild species require special habitat features for their existence.

Snags:

Dead or partially dead standing trees. Nesting sites for forest-dwelling bats/birds.

Cavity Trees:

Holes excavated in snags by woodpeckers. Shelter and nesting cover by many species.

Rocky Outcrops and Caves:

Rattlesnakes use small cave like openings in outcrops as hibernacula.

Wet Lands:

Migratory birds

PPT 2: Importance - Significance

Wildlife is an integral part of an ecosystem.

 Human himself as animal inter-related and inter-dependent on wildlife for its survival.  From clothes to medicines, building materials to variety of chemicals all are extracted from exiting wildlife around us.  About 90% of the domestic food crops now cultivated are descendants of wild plants.  Today, variety of plant products like lumber, paper, rubber, oils, dyes, and fibers etc. are supplied by wild plants.  Plants recycle nutrients necessary for agricultural production and help maintain soil fertility.  Wild plants or their extracts are a source of medicine for an estimated 80% of the world’s population. ➢ Source of oxygen.  Insects and birds add to the economic gains through pollination of plants.  Maintaining the ‘balance of Nature’. e.g. Carnivore-herbivore balance.

PPT 3: Gene Bank

Gene banks are the bio-repositories used for the preservation of genetic material.

❖ Wildlife can be served as a source of Gene Bank.

Agriculture

 Many wild relatives of crops, plants and presence of useful seeds are screened out and selected.  Such selection can then be introduced to breeding programs.

Animal Husbandry

 Wild species’ genotype may have a gene particularly resistant to parasites or to a particular disease.  Such genes are of great value, especially if incorporated into local livestock to create hardier and even more productive animals.  Blood samples of the wild animals can be screened which would be helpful for identifying and resolving causes of disease epidemics.

PPT 4: Plant Propagation

❖ Wild animals can be helpful to plant propagation in various ways

Pollination------ (Honeybees, hummingbirds, and some bats. etc.) Pollen stick to bee’s body and legs which then transferred to flower it visits.

Dispersal of seeds------ (squirrels, birds, rodents etc.) Seeds can stick to fur . Squirrels or birds pick them up and drop or bury them. Seed eaters also disperse the seeds by defecation . Caching behavior of many rodents and some birds.

Conifer trees (pine, spruce, fur, etc.) use their pinecones - there are seeds in there that can be eaten or distributed by mice and other animals.

Hence if the animals get extinct or moved due to environmental conditions, the plants will not propagate effectively.

PPT 5: Ecological Balance

 Scavengers (Vultures, eagles, jackals, hyaenas etc.) & decomposers serves to perform important tasks.

 Soil erosion can be prevented by wild plant cover.  Mixing of litter by movement of wild animals.

PPT 6: Economic Importance

From the economic point of view wildlife is important and serves as source of

Tourism

Fascination with the beauty of wild animals drives tourism worldwide. e.g. Safari park in Lahore Pakistan. Kruger National Park in South Africa.

Animal Protein

e.g. In some forested area in Latin America, wildlife acts as animal protein source.

Bushmeat (Wild meat)

Wild meat tends to have less fat than domestic meat and can be a good source of iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin B.

Trading of Bushmeat

In sub-Saharan Africa there is a long tradition of trade between rural areas and the major towns, where it is sold as a high-priced delicacy.

Ranching and Farming

Commercial ranching and farming of wild animal occurring in countries like China, Zimbabwe & Thailand.

Traditional medicine/ Pharmaceutics

e.g. Nerium oleander (Anvirzel)

Wood

Wildlife resources like wood from trees are used for making houses.

Silk Paper Leather/Hide Ivory

PPT-7: Scientific Importance · 1. Wild animals as Experimental Animals ‐ · 2. Recovery/Cure of diseases- · Leukaemia

Rosy periwinkle leaves extract as anticancer

Ebola

Ebola vaccine (VSV-EBOV) found 100% safe Initially tested in primates,

3. Wildlife provides a means of developing models for disorders of behavior and cognition.
4. This has led to identify phenotypic markers of mental distress.
5. Wildlife is also applicable for the studies of anatomy, physiology, ecology and